Life-Stage Care Guide
Your cat's health journey from kitten to senior
Kitten
0-1 yearGrowth care, vaccinations, nutrition, and behavior
Feline Lower Urinary Tract Disease (FLUTD): A Guide for Cat Owners
Feline Lower Urinary Tract Disease (FLUTD) is a group of conditions affecting the bladder and urethra of cats. It's a common health problem that can become life-threatening in certain cases, particula
Pyoderma in Cats
Pyoderma is a bacterial skin infection (bacterial dermatitis). Pyodermas in cats are usually caused by Staphylococcus bacteria ( Staphylococcal folliculitis). These bacteria usually will not cause dis
Skin Cultures in Dogs and Cats
A skin culture involves taking a sample from or of your pet's skin from an area that may concern your veterinarian. The sample is sent to a laboratory to grow bacteria. In cases where the infection-ca
Declawing Care and Alternatives in Cats
Scratching is normal behavior for cats. The procedure to declaw a cat (also known as "onychectomy") is not as simple as trimming a nail; it is actually amputating the tip of their toe to the first knu
Understanding Scratching Behavior in Cats
If your cat has ever sunk sharp claws into a favorite armchair or corner of the couch, you know how frustrating it can be. Cat caregivers often face this challenge and worry that their home will never
Veterinary Association Position Statements on Declawing in Cats
Declawing (onychectomy) cats is controversial and is opposed by most veterinary medical associations, which guide veterinarians to provide alternatives to declawing, unless it is done for medical nece
Tetralogy of Fallot in Dogs and Cats
Tetralogy of Fallot (ToF) is a rare heart condition that both dogs and cats can be born with. It is unique because it involves four structural heart abnormalities. The unusual name originates from the
Monoclonal Antibodies
What Are Antibodies? Antibodies, also known as immunoglobulins (Ig), are natural proteins that defend the body against foreign proteins, commonly referred to as antigens. There are five types of Ig, w
Using the Five Pillars to Design Feline-Friendly Exam Rooms
If you have a cat that gets nervous at the veterinarian’s office, you are not alone. Your cat leaves the safety of home and enters a world full of odd smells, new noises, and people they do not know.
Teaching Your Cat to Love Their Carrier
Teaching your cat to enter their carrier on their own is the first step in making veterinary visits less stressful. When a pet caregiver brings the carrier out from a closet or basement, the cat remem
Non-Cardiogenic Pulmonary Edema in Dogs and Cats
In a healthy pet, oxygen in the lungs travels from air sacs to the interstitium (the fluid-filled space between tissues or vessels) and into blood vessels. Red blood cells in the blood vessels transpo
Giving Subcutaneous Fluid Therapy to Your Cat with Low Stress Handling® Techniques
At some point in their lives, your cat may require supportive subcutaneous (SubQ) fluid therapy either at their veterinary clinic or in your own home. This treatment is often prescribed for dehydratio
Atypical Cushing's Disease in Dogs and Cats
Atypical Cushing’s, also called atypical hyperadrenocorticism, is a disorder that affects your pet’s endocrine system, which controls hormone levels in the body. Imagine the endocrine system as a deli
What is a Urinalysis Test?
A complete urinalysis (UA) analyzes your pet’s urine, as part of a complete health assessment. It is often done at the same time as blood tests ordered by your veterinarian. A complete UA consists of:
Teaching Your Cat To Use an Inhaler
Cats with asthma or other respiratory conditions may need to use inhaled medications administered with a spacer and mask. This method delivers the medication directly into the lungs and may have fewer
Signs of Pain in Pets
Even if your pet can’t speak to you to let you know how they feel, some signs can indicate that your pet may be feeling discomfort or pain. There can be many causes of pain in pets, so if you notice o
Anaphylactic Shock in Pets
When a human or pet comes into contact with a substance that their immune system perceives as harmful, the immune system labels it an allergen and produces antibodies to fight it. The resulting respon
Feline Enrichment: Meeting the Essential Needs of Cats
Enrichment can be defined as something added to your cat’s environment that encourages them to engage in normal, natural behaviors. For cats, normal and natural behaviors include but are not limited t
Building Better Lives for Our Pets: The Five Freedoms, Provisions, and Domains
Animal welfare has improved with three important frameworks that guide caring for your pet and other animals in different settings. Whether you are a caregiver, veterinary professional, shelter worker
House Soiling in Cats: Pooping Outside the Litter Box
House soiling in cats occurs when they urinate or defecate outside their litter box. Urination or defecation (pooping) outside the litter box falls into two categories: toileting and marking. Toiletin
Eclampsia in Dogs and Cats
What is Eclampsia? Like any new mom, your dog or cat must put in a lot of work to care for their babies. Mothers use a large amount of calcium to grow their puppies or kittens and to produce milk. Iro
Fractured Teeth in Dogs and Cats
Fractured teeth are a common dental problem seen in dogs and cats, especially when pets chew on things they are not supposed to. Tooth fractures are a result of trauma and can also result from fights
Tibial Tuberosity Advancement (TTA) Surgery for Cranial Cruciate Ligament Rupture
Tibial tuberosity advancement (TTA) is a surgical procedure that can be performed in animals to treat cranial cruciate ligament disease/rupture. What is the Cranial Cruciate Ligament? The cranial cruc
Preparing Pets for the Holidays
As the end of the year approaches, many people begin preparing for holiday celebrations with family and friends. The season often brings busy schedules, parties, and plenty of planning. When making ho
A Positive Reinforcement Approach to Counter-Surfing
Pets that constantly jump on tables or countertops can be a big problem for their caregivers. Whether your dog is grabbing food when your back is turned, or your cat is walking across the table with d
Atopic Dermatitis in Cats
You or someone you know may have allergies, but did you know your cat can too? Atopic dermatitis (atopy, allergic dermatitis, feline atopic skin syndrome, non-flea, and non-food hypersensitivity derma
The Importance of Play in Cats
All cats, no matter their age, benefit from consistent interactive play sessions with you. When you play tug or fetch with a dog, playtime is a social activity where you play together. However, for yo
Starting Your Kitten Off on the Right Paw by Enrolling in Kitty Kindergarten
One way to help a newly adopted kitten thrive and grow into a behaviorally healthy adult cat is to enroll them in a kitten class, often referred to as kitty kindergarten. In class, caregivers will lea
Choosing the Right Litterbox for Your Cat
Cats are low-maintenance and clean, making them appealing pets. Kittens instinctively know how to relieve themselves in soft materials and bury their waste, making it easy for them to learn to use a l
Training Your Pet To Cooperate With Ear And Eye Medications
Once your pet understands that their treatment station is a place where good things happen and they are comfortable communicating a desire to stay or a need to leave, it is time to start using the sta
Cannabis Toxicity in Pets
An Overview Cannabis generally refers to the products of the Cannabis sativa plant, commonly known as marijuana. The Cannabis sativa plant uniquely has over 100 different chemicals called phytocannabi
Low Stress Handling® for Cats in the ER
Emergency visits can be a difficult experience for cats. Many emergencies involve pain, and an urgent visit to address this pain can be stressful, leading to fears and anxieties that may result in a l
How To Set Up a Treatment Station for Your Pet
All pets will need grooming and veterinary care at some point in their lives. Setting up a predictable treatment station for your pet will help decrease stress. Choose an area that has good lighting,
Practical Dental Care Tips for Dogs and Cats
Introduction There are simple, down-to-earth steps to ensure your pet's dental health is within reach. Neglecting your pet's oral hygiene can lead to pain and health problems. Here are some easy-to-fo
Psychogenic Alopecia
Psychogenic alopecia, also known as self-trauma, is a condition in which cats compulsively pull out their hair, leading to thin, uneven coats or baldness. Overgrooming, licking, biting, chewing, and c
Introducing a New Cat Into the Home
Introducing a new cat to your home is a big deal, especially if you already have cats. It is like adding a new member to your family, and you want everyone to get along. So, here is how you can introd
How to Beat Confinement Woes in Dogs and Cats
If your pet has an upcoming surgery or is recovering from an injury or illness and the discharge instructions include exercise restriction and confinement, here are some ways to make this time as low
Flooding
Q: I volunteer at a shelter, and we use back scratchers to socialize fearful cats. I think this makes some of them more scared. Do I keep pushing it? A: Many cats in shelters are afraid. We should be
Kitten Biting Behavior
Kittens are adorable, tiny creatures who provide hours of entertainment. They nap in the strangest places, purr, cuddle, play, explore their surroundings, and develop bonds with those they live with.
Medical Management of Behavioral Conditions
Nearly all animal behavior cases benefit from a multi-modal approach consisting of medication, environmental management, and behavior modification. When treating behavioral conditions, your veterinari
Pilling Your Cat the Low Stress Handling® Way
Chances are, at some point in your cat’s life, they are going to need medications. Making sure your cat receives this medication can be challenging and stressful. Transdermal medications, which are ap
Feline Infectious Peritonitis
Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is a potentially deadly infection in cats caused by the FIP virus. The disease occurs most commonly in young cats, although it can infect older cats too. It affects
Cellulitis in Dogs and Cats
Cellulitis is a painful inflammation of the tissue under the skin. In animals, it is generally caused by a bacterial infection that has entered the skin from a cut, open wound, or broken skin from an
Medical Conditions and Behavior
Introduction The diagnosis of primary behavior problems such as anxiety, aggression, or eliminating outside the litterbox is often a diagnosis of exclusion. Because many behaviors result from underlyi
Traumatic Brain Injury in Dogs and Cats
If your pet has been involved in any event that may have caused head trauma, always see your veterinarian or an emergency practice for immediate attention . What Is a Traumatic Brain Injury? Traumatic
Spina Bifida in Dogs and Cats
Vertebrae and the Spinal Column In vertebrates, the delicate spinal cord (the part of the central nervous system connecting the brain to the rest of the body) is surrounded and protected by a bony tub
Hyperesthesia Syndrome in Cats
Feline hyperesthesia syndrome (FHS) is known by several names including “rolling skin disease”, “neurodermatitis”, neuritis, psychomotor epilepsy, and pruritic dermatitis. Hyperesthesia means “too muc
Cutaneous Vasculitis in Dogs and Cats
Vasculitis is an inflammatory process of the blood vessels (arteries, veins, or capillaries). Cutaneous means the skin is affected. When skin blood vessels are inflamed, this is called cutaneous vascu
Teaching Go To Mat for Cats
Teaching your cat to go to a mat is an easy behavior that supports exercise, enrichment, and engagement for you and your cat. The goal of this exercise is to teach your cat to run to their mat when gi
Solensia™ (Frunevetmab Injection): An Arthritis Medication Just for Cats
Relieving pain in cats is difficult because oftentimes, they do not tolerate common pain medications, including many NSAIDs; in fact, one ibuprofen (Advil®) or acetaminophen (Tylenol®) can make a cat
Feline Play and Play Aggression
Cats are social animals and enjoy interactions with the humans in their lives. While some cats are particular, others will play with any object, toy, or person. Some cats prefer social play with their
Ataxia in Dogs and Cats
When your pet is stumbling and staggering around, almost as though drunk, the condition is called ataxia. It is an inability to make normal, coordinated, voluntary movements but is not caused by muscl
How to Find a Good, Responsible Breeder
People seek out purebred dogs and cats for a number of reasons. Previous experience with the breed; predictability of temperament or health; use in hunting, agility, obedience, or other work are just
Brachial Plexus Avulsion in Dogs and Cats
Brachial Plexus avulsion or brachial plexus injury can occur when an animal suffers an injury involving the front limbs or shoulders. Caused by trauma such as an automobile accident, a bite or gunshot
When You Need Antibiotics for Your Pets, and When You Don’t
Antibiotics can be literal life savers for your pet when they have the kind of infection that responds to the medication. However, when given for something where they are not appropriate — such as a v
How Toxoplasmosis Affects Your Cat
What is Toxoplasmosis? Toxoplasmosis is the name of the clinical disease caused by the parasite Toxoplasma gondii . It is most often associated with cats but can infect all warm-blooded species includ
Polyuria/Polydipsia in Dogs and Cats
Polyuria and polydipsia are essentially flip sides of the same condition. With polyuria (PU) the body makes more urine than normal, which in turn causes a condition called polydipsia (PD), which means
Caring for Orphaned Kittens
So you’re the brand new parent to a litter of fuzzy, squeaky little kittens! Although nothing can replace the care from a feline mama, there are steps you can take to become an excellent foster parent
Cat Low Stress Handling® Blood Draw Visit: Moment of Truth
Many cats are afraid at the veterinary hospital which can make it difficult, if not impossible, to examine the cat and provide the best care possible. Changes in temperature, heart rate, respiratory r
How to Prepare Your Cat for a Low Stress Handling® Blood Draw Visit
Veterinary visits can be stressful for everyone, especially cats. Using the “less-is-more” approach, Low Stress Handling® Principles of Handling provides an opportunity for you to help your veterinari
Cat Body Language
One of the best things you can do to strengthen your relationship with your cat is to understand their body language. People communicate mainly in writing or speaking while cats use their body and sen
Paraphimosis and Phimosis in Dogs and Cats
Paraphimosis and phimosis in dogs are flip sides of the same coin: in the first, the dog’s extended penis cannot slide back into the sheath (prepuce) for an extended time; and in the second, the penis
Pemphigus Foliaceus in Dogs and Cats
What is Pemphigus Foliaceus? The immune system is the body’s defense against infection, keeping the body healthy. An autoimmune disease is the immune system attacking the body. Pemphigus foliaceus (PF
Traveling with Your Cat
At some point, you and your cat will need to travel. You may feel stressed by the idea, but with a bit of effort and planning, cats can learn to cope with the trip. Preparing your cat beforehand can m
Sterile Cystitis (Pandora Syndrome) in Cats
See article summary below. Also known as Feline Interstitial Cystitis, Feline Idiopathic Cystitis, FIC Cystitis is any kind of inflammation in the wall of the urinary bladder that causes clinical sign
What Is Cooperative Care in Veterinary Medicine?
Animal behavior is a crucial aspect of veterinary care. Whether your pet has pain or just “ain’t doing right,” the pet’s behavior, body language, and overall demeanor is part of obtaining a thorough a
Serotonin Syndrome in Dogs and Cats
Serotonin syndrome is a serious drug reaction to medications that build up high levels of serotonin in the body. A chemical that the body produces naturally, serotonin is needed for the brain and nerv
How to Make Veterinary Visits Less Stressful
Experiencing some fear during veterinary visits is a normal reaction for pets. It’s not fun to be examined by strangers and poked with needles. Pets do not understand why they are there or that the un
Manx Syndrome in Cats
Manx Syndrome in Cats Manx syndrome (sacrocaudal dysgenesis, sacrocaudal agenesis) is an array of problems involving the function of the hind legs, urinary bladder, and colon of a tailless cat. In aff
Desensitization and Counterconditioning to Nail Trimmers for Cats
How to help your cat get used to having their nails trimmed Start by putting the trimmers in a common area like your living room where your cat can choose to explore them at their pace. Putting trea
Fear-related Aggression in Cats
Fear in Cats Just like us, cats feel fear and their behavior changes in response to it. What makes one cat fearful or anxious may not make another one feel that way. We observe a cat’s body language t
Nail Trims for Adult Cats
Many cat owners never learned to trim their kitten’s nails and struggle with nail trims for their adult cat. To prevent scratches to people and furniture, as well as to decrease the potential of too l
Nail Trims in Kittens
Many owners struggle with trimming their cat’s nails. Nail trims, however, are important for your cat’s health and to prevent scratches of your furniture or people. Nails that become too long have the
Allergic Conjunctivitis in Dogs and Cats
Conjunctivitis is inflammation of the conjunctiva in the eye. The conjunctiva is a pinkish mucous-secreting membrane, similar to the lining of your mouth and nose, that covers the eyeball and lines th
Hydrometra, Mucometra, and Pyometra in Dogs and Cats
Uterine disease in dogs and cats is often influenced by the hormone progesterone, which prepares a female for pregnancy and also helps the mother maintain a pregnancy. However, sometimes things don’t
Bacterial Conjunctivitis in Cats
Conjunctivitis is inflammation of the conjunctiva, a tissue that makes up part of the eye and eyelid. In people, the conjunctiva is the white part. Conjunctivitis is common in cats and can be a result
Alternative Diets for Dogs and Cats
You’ve spoken with your veterinarian and are thinking about personally making your pet’s meals. There are about as many diet options for your pet as there are for you, so which one is best? Breed, age
What First Time Cat Owners Should Know
Perhaps you have never lived with an adult cat before and have decided to bring one into your home for the first time for one of many possible reasons: you adopted an adult because you prefer knowing
Training Your Cat to Use the Carrier
Since indoor cats rarely leave the house, they often become stressed or anxious when they are taken to the veterinary hospital once a year. Cats learn by association, so the sudden appearance of the c
Yeast Dough Dangers in Pets
If you bake yeast bread from scratch, it is essential that you keep all raw bread dough away from your pets. Ingesting it can cause serious problems and be life threatening for your pet. Doughs that d
Histoplasmosis in Dogs and Cats
Histoplasmosis is a fungal infection of animals and people, caused by Histoplasma capsulatum. The fungus lives in the environment, growing best in warm, moist organic matter that is rich in nitrogen.
Hepatic Encephalopathy in Dogs and Cats
Hepatic encephalopathy is a neurological condition that can occur in pets, more commonly in dogs, that already have liver disease. Neurological conditions affect the nervous system, which includes the
Hemangioma in Dogs and Cats
Hemangiomas are a type of tumor of the blood vessels or the skin. They are benign, but the related hemangiosarcomas are a malignant cancer that also target the blood vessels. They come from the same t
Hepatic Lipidosis in Cats
Hepatic lipidosis is a life-threatening liver disease that happens in cats and sometimes dogs. It is also called fatty liver disease or fatty liver syndrome, and it is the most common liver disease se
Behavior Supplements in Dogs and Cats
Many colleagues and pet owners ask about the use of supplements in the treatment of behavioral issues. There is limited documented evidence on the use of these supplements, but to address this demand
Weight Loss for Obese Cats
Obesity is a common disease in cats, affecting 43-65% of the patients seen in veterinary clinics across the United States. Just like in humans, excess fat is accumulated in cats due to an imbalance be
Using Medication to Lower Veterinary Visit Stress in Dogs and Cats
A pet’s mental health is as important as physical health, which is why it may not be possible for your pet’s veterinarian to complete an examination or treatments when you bring your pet in. If your p
Cats and High Places: Keeping Them off Counters and Tables
Last week, I had an inquiry from a recent shelter cat adopter. This new adopter wanted to know how she could keep her new cat, Chowder, off countertops and the table. It seems whenever they prepare fo
Vaccine Titers for Pets
Your pet receives vaccines on a set schedule to protect them from illness. Vaccines tell the body to make immune cells and antibodies, which work to prevent or reduce the severity of specific diseases
Traveling with Pets
Whether you are planning a move or traveling for leisure, taking your pet along with you can be stressful for both of you. General Travel Tips: Visit the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) websit
Wound Care for Pets
Injuries to our pets can come from unexpected sources just as often as those we worry about. When a wound occurs, healing has many paths that your veterinarian can take, but only one for you: get your
Renal Anemia, or Inadequate Red Blood Cells, in Dogs and Cats
Red blood cells are basically little microscopic bags of hemoglobin. Before getting into what hemoglobin is about, it is important to grasp the simplicity of the red blood cell. It has no nucleus and
Car Ride Anxiety in Dogs and Cats
Many people love to take their dog on errands and fun adventures in the car. Some even take their cats. Some dogs and cats become anxious in the car with others refusing to enter the car at all. What
Mushroom Poisoning in Dogs and Cats
While the mushrooms in the grocery store are safe to eat and help make delicious meals, other types of mushrooms such as the wild ones along hiking trails or even in our own backyards are a completely
Human Directed Aggression in Cats
If you have ever had your cat snuggle up to you on the couch then nip at your hand when you try to pet them, you are not alone. This is just one scenario in which some cats have shown aggression to th
Mealtime Enrichment for Cats
Cats retain many behaviors of their wild ancestors. As predators, they have strength, agility, speed, and keen senses to catch prey effectively. Owners can help their feline friends express these natu
Physaloptera (Stomach Worm) in Dogs and Cats
Worms are parasites that live inside your pet’s body and steal nutrients away from them. They do so by either directly eating your pet’s tissue or feeding from their blood vessels. Different worms can
Gallstones in Dogs and Cats
Background The liver makes bile to help digest food and break down fats. Connected to the liver is the gallbladder, which is a sac-like organ that stores the bile and releases it into the intestines t
Fear of Noises in Dogs and Cats
Animals may develop a fear response to any noise: fireworks, thunder, gunshots, cars backfiring, lawnmowers, hair dryers, smoke detectors, garbage trucks, etc. This fear response may result in mild to
De-Skunking Your Dog or Cat
Skunk Funk If your little punk Has been skunked Have no fear, Read here my dear A recipe you will need His funk to cede By Valerie Brons, BVetM Getting sprayed by a skunk happens to curious dogs who s
Lung Cancer in Dogs and Cats
Lung cancer (also called pulmonary neoplasia) is caused by tumors or masses made up of cancer cells within the lungs. Some tumors are benign, meaning that they do not invade and damage the surrounding
Feline House Soiling
Elimination disorders are one of the most frustrating behaviors that cat owners encounter and a leading reason for cats to be surrendered to shelters or euthanized. Although elimination is a normal co
Cutaneous Lymphoma in Cats
Lymphoma is common in cats, but is seen in so many ways and different places that it is confusing. It can be seen in almost any organ. When it affects the skin, it is called cutaneous lymphoma. Lympho
Diaphragmatic Hernias in Dogs and Cats
The diaphragm is a thin muscle that separates the organs in the chest (heart, lungs) from the organs in the abdomen. It is also involved in breathing: when the diaphragm contracts, it helps pull air i
Causes of Blindness in Dogs and Cats
Owners may notice their pet is disoriented, bumping into objects and struggling to find food and toys. These all may be signs of blindness. There are many potential causes of blindness in dogs and cat
Cognitive Dysfunction Syndrome in Dogs
What is Cognitive Dysfunction Syndrome? Cognitive dysfunction syndrome (CDS) is essentially the dog equivalent of Alzheimer’s disease. With CDS, a dog’s brain gradually degenerates, leading to abnorma
Rectal Prolapse in Dogs and Cats
Rectal prolapse occurs when the rectum, which is the last part of the intestines, gets turned inside out (everted) and sticks out of the anus. It looks like a red or pink tubular structure sticking ou
Seizure Disorders in Cats
Watching your cat have a seizure is difficult. It is often a confusing and scary time for both you and your cat. This difficulty is especially true if you don’t know your cat is having a seizure and e
Malassezia Otitis in Dogs and Cats
What is Malassezia otitis? Malassezia spp. are a common secondary cause of otitis or inflammation of the ear canal. It is a yeast that normally lives in the ears of cats and dogs but overgrows when th
Triaditis in Cats
Triaditis is a condition in cats that involves three separate diseases: pancreatitis , cholangitis/cholangiohepatitis , and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Veterinary scientists are not sure why thi
MRSA vs. MRSP in Dogs & Cats
MRSA MRSA is the abbreviation for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus . Staphylococcus aureus is a type of bacteria primarily found in people and may also be called S taph aureus , S. aureus ,
Cholangitis and Cholangiohepatitis in Cats
Diseases associated with the liver, gallbladder, and/or bile duct system can be confusing for pet owners because these diseases can have really vague symptoms. It’s not always clear why they happen, a
Aspergillosis in Cats
Aspergillosis is an infection in cats caused by Aspergillus organisms , which are a type of fungus found throughout the world. Infections in cats are rare and most commonly seen in cats that have a po
Multiple Myeloma in Dogs and Cats
Multiple myeloma is a cancer of plasma cells, which develop from a type of white blood cell called a B cell. Plasma cells produce antibodies, which are used by the body to fight infections. In patient
COVID-19 in a Tiger
This one’s bound to attract a lot of attention, and that can be both good and bad. A tiger at New York’s Bronx Zoo has tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 . The tiger was sick (cough, decreased appetite) a
Salivary Mucocele in Dogs and Cats
A salivary mucocele, also known as a salivary gland mucocele or sialocele , is a swollen area associated with saliva (spit) leaking from a salivary gland into surrounding tissues. It can be caused by
Toxic Disinfectants: What to Use and What Not to Use Around Your Pets
Many household cleaners are safe to use around your pets, especially if the product is allowed to dry or your pet is only exposed to small amounts. But some can be hazardous to a dog's or cat’s health
Haws Syndrome in Cats
Haws syndrome is an elevation of the third eyelid in both eyes. The third eyelid, or nictitating membrane, is a transparent eyelid some animals have that moistens and covers the eye for protection. In
What to Expect From Your Pet’s Echocardiogram
What is an echocardiogram? An echocardiogram, also known as an echo or cardiac ultrasound, is a diagnostic tool that looks closely at the heart as well as inside and around it. An echo uses high-frequ
Anaplasmosis in Dogs and Cats Is Tick-Borne
Anaplasmosis is a disease affecting dogs (and rarely cats) caused by Anaplasma phagocytophilum. This infectious organism is an unusual type of bacteria known as a rickettsial agent/bacterium. A tick b
Bladder Stones in Dogs and Cats
Bladder stones are solid mineral deposits that form inside the bladder of dogs and cats and are quite common. Stones start out as crystals that form in the urine. Crystals form when a combination of e
Feline Acne
Feline acne is a skin condition of cats that is seen mostly around the chin and lip margins. Hair follicles on the chin become clogged (also known as comedones ). Severely blocked follicles can develo
Cleft Palate or Lip in Puppies and Kittens
Congenital clefts in the palate or lip are birth defects that puppies and kittens can get in the tissues connecting parts of the mouth. Human babies also get them. These cleft defects happen when the
Tritrichomoniasis in Cats
Tritrichomoniasis is a major cause of diarrhea in cats and is caused by Tritrichomonas blagburni. The disease is seen most commonly in young cats and kittens. T. blagburni is a type of protozoa, which
Treating your Yard for Fleas and Ticks
If fleas and ticks have been a problem for you, there are three areas you have to treat to be successful in treating fleas. One is treating your pets with an effective product; two is your house with
Omega-3 Fatty Acids for Our Pets
Did you know that skin diseases account for as much as 25% of the cases seen by small animal veterinarians? Skin problems typically faced by pets and their owners include: Itching Dandruff Black
Getting your Cat into a Carrier You are being redirected to updated information on this topic
Cats give new meaning to the experience of going somewhere with pets. The vast majority dislike any change that is not initiated by them, so for most cats, the only time they get into the car is to go
Flash Glucose Monitoring with FreeStyle Libre in Cats and Dogs
The flash glucose monitoring system (also called continuous glucose monitoring or CGM) is a faster, easier, and less painful way for you to monitor your diabetic pet’s glucose levels at home. There ar
Uveitis in Dogs and Cats
Uveitis is an inflammation of the dark tissues (uvea) of the eye. The uvea includes the iris, the ciliary body behind the iris, and the choroid in the back of the eye behind the retina. Uveitis can be
Territorial Marking in Cats
What is Territorial Marking? Territorial marking, also known as urine marking or spraying in cats, is the act of purposefully urinating in an area as a way of communicating. This behavior is normal in
Diets and Heart Disease in Dogs and Cats
Can pet diets cause heart problems? Yes. Thirty years ago, veterinarians recognized deficiency of an amino acid (taurine) as the most common cause of dilated cardiomyopathy in cats. Cats are unable to
Puppies and Kittens Who Bite
Bringing home a new puppy or kitten can be a fun and exciting experience. However, the learning and development process for puppies and kittens can be challenging. Biting is a common issue for young p
Lymphoma in the Skin of Dogs
(also known as cutaneous T cell lymphoma and cutaneous epitheliotropic lymphoma) Lymphoma can arise in any organ that contains lymph tissue (which turns out to be just about anywhere in the body). Whi
Importance of Socializing Puppies and Kittens
What is Socialization? The word socialization is a bit misleading when taken literally. Socialization sounds like teaching a puppy or kitten how to socialize with other puppies or kittens. While these
Antibiotic Use in Pets
Antibiotics are used to treat bacterial infections. They kill invading bacteria without killing the surrounding cells. Antibiotics are made both from living organisms such as fungi, molds, and certain
Arthritis in Dogs and Cats: What Can be Done?
Arthritis, also known as osteoarthritis or degenerative joint disease (DJD), is a degenerative, progressive, and irreversible condition of the joints. It is characterized by the progressive loss of jo
Introducing the New Baby to Your Cat
Bringing home a new baby often requires a good bit of preparation within the household. One aspect of this is figuring out how to introduce your cat to your new baby and transitioning him to all the n
AAFCO Pet Food Labeling
Pet food marketing can get confusing. The labeling does not provide detailed nutritional information and it’s easily misunderstood by consumers. Try as you might, sometimes reading the label doesn’t g
Nutrition for Your Cat
Unlike dogs and people, which are omnivores and gain nutrition from both plants and meat, cats are obligate carnivores. This means that they get most of their nutrients from animal products. One scien
Rat Poison (Bromethalin-Based) in Dogs and Cats
The War Against Rodents Rodent control has been paramount in human civilization for centuries if not millennia. Wild rodents consume our crops, destroy our fabric and paper products, bring disease, an
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy in Cats
What is Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HCM)? HCM is a disease of the heart muscle that results, in most cases, in an abnormal thickening of the muscle walls (Figure 1). This results in altered contracti
Spondylosis Deformans in Dogs and Cats
Spondylosis deformans is a noninflammatory, degenerative condition of the spinal column characterized by the production of bone spurs along the bottom, sides, and upper aspects of the vertebrae. These
Safe and Toxic Garden Plant Images
The flowers and plants listed here are typically the most common ones used in gardening. See more at the ASPCA 's Animal Poison Control Center. Jump to section: Poisonous plants that can potentially
Portal Vein Hypoplasia in Dogs and Cats
Veins are part of the body’s circulatory system. The hepatic portal system consists of the numerous veins that drain blood away from digestive organs and deliver it to the liver. Small veins merge int
Patent Ductus Arteriosus in Dogs and Cats
Patent ductus arteriosus, often called PDA, is one of the most common congenital heart defects in dogs. In adult mammals, the heart is one organ but has two separate sides that are not supposed to con
Congestive Heart Failure in Dogs and Cats
What is Congestive Heart Failure? Congestive heart failure (CHF) is the clinical syndrome of fluid retention due to severe heart disease. In dogs and cats, the fluid is retained in specific parts of t
Infiltrative Bowel Disease in Cats
See article summary below. What Does This Mean? The small intestinal tract is a remarkable organ. It has to neutralize acid from the stomach, apply digestive enzymes and emollients, absorb and conduct
Microchipping Could Save your Pet's Life
A microchip ID is a small transmitter about the size of a grain of rice. When a scanner passes over it, a signal is emitted indicating the unique identification number of the chip. This tiny but sturd
Fleas: Know your Enemy
Although there are over 2000 flea species in the world, pet owners should be concerned with only one: Ctenocephalides felis , the cat flea. This is the flea that we find on our pets (cats, dogs, rabbi
Topical Therapy for Skin Conditions in Dogs and Cats
Applying shampoos, rinses, ointments or wipes to your pet’s skin can be important when managing your pet’s skin condition. Topical therapies can wash pollens off the coat, moisturize the skin, exfolia
Tick Paralysis in Pets
What is Tick Paralysis? Tick paralysis (also known as tick bite paralysis, or tick toxicosis) is caused by neurotoxins secreted in saliva by certain species of female ticks. Neurotoxins are chemicals
Common Lymphoma Chemotherapy Medications for Cats and Dogs
Additional Resources Lymphoma Lymphoma in Cats Lymphoma in Dogs Lymphoma Treatment Includes Nutritional Therapy for Dogs and Cats The word chemotherapy conjures up images of unpleasant toxic
Ringworm Environmental Decontamination: How to Clean Your Home When Your Pet Has Ringworm
Ringworm Environmental Decontamination: How to Clean Your Home When Your Pet Has Ringworm Dermatophytosis, commonly called ringworm , is a fungal infection of the fur and skin of dogs and cats. When y
Dust Mites: Minimizing Exposure in Dogs and Cats
House dust mites ( Dermatophagoides farinae, Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus ) are bugs that are in every home, and some pets are allergic to them. Because these mites are very small, they cannot be se
Sleeping and Resting Respiratory Rates of Dogs and Cats with Heart Disease
Many heart diseases, when severe enough, result in congestive heart failure (CHF). When the left side of the heart is diseased, this presents as a build-up of fluid in the lungs, causing breathing dif
Diskospondylitis (Intervertebral Disk Infection) in Dogs and Cats
Diskospondylitis is a bacterial or fungal infection of the disks between the vertebrae (intervertebral disks). This infection can occur in any area of the spinal column, and it can occur at multiple s
Cancer is a Cellular Delinquent
Like people, our pets’ bodies develop cancer cells throughout their lifetime. In the lucky ones, these cells remain dormant and no malignancy ever grows; in others, the cells go mad systematically. Th
Reproductive Cycle of Cats May Surprise You
(Editor's note: Not all veterinarians agree that spaying cats at this age decreases the cat population. Talk to your veterinarian about your pet.) There is a thoughtful new movement designed to get to
Blocked Cats are an Emergency
When something happens to stem the flow of a cat's urine, trouble ensues - and fast. Urine has lots of good things in it. In many cases, they are substances that cats or people can’t live without, suc
Giving Oral Medications to Dogs and Cats
To heal, ill pets who are prescribed medication by their veterinarians really need to take those medications, even when the pet is resistant to taking pills - especially cats. Compliance with your vet
Halloween is a Scary Night for Pets
Halloween may be a barrel of laughs for people who love to dress up in costumes and party, but most pets aren't quite as fond of the holiday as people are. The doorbell rings far too often and is usua
Adverse Reactions to Spot-on Flea and Tick Products
Spot-on flea and tick products for dogs and cats have greatly improved the safety and convenience of controlling external parasites on our pets. Using pesticides that are many degrees less toxic and f
Rhinitis in Dogs and Cats
Rhinitis is inflammation of the mucous membranes in the nose. If the lining of the sinuses is inflamed, that is called sinusitis. If both the nose and sinuses are affected, it is rhino-sinusitis. Rhin
Anaplasmosis
Anaplasmosis is a tick-borne disease, and two forms of anaplasmosis are known: granulocytic anaplasmosis and infectious cyclic thrombocytopenia. Granulocytic anaplasmosis is more common, and a dog can
Hairballs (Trichobezoars) In Cats
"He's throwing up hairballs all the time. I'm tired of stepping on slimy hair." To the client, the problem may be simple. But to the veterinarian, it's much more complicated. When cats groom themselve
Electronic Cigarettes are Toxic to Pets
Electronic cigarettes, often called e-cigs, are marketed as an alternative to cigarette smoking. They are also referred to as personal vaporizers or electronic nicotine delivery systems. These devices
Clostridium difficile Becoming more Common in North America
What Is Clostridium difficile? Clostridium difficile is a species of bacteria that can be found in the intestinal tract of humans and many animal species, including pets, farm animals, and wildlife.
People Foods to Avoid Feeding Your Pets
Chocolate, Macadamia nuts, avocados…these foods may sound delicious to you, but they’re actually quite dangerous for our animal companions. Our nutrition experts have put together a handy list of the
Glaucoma in Dogs and Cats
Glaucoma is an eye disease where by the pressure within the eye becomes elevated. It can cause significant pain and lead to blindness. Dogs and cats with primary glaucoma are believed to have an anato
Linear Foreign Bodies in Dogs and Cats
Pets have the unfortunate tendency to eat things they shouldn't, and we aren't talking about food. Toys, socks, rocks and other materials find their way into pet stomachs but when the foreign body is
Wound Healing in Dogs and Cats
One thing is certain about life: we can all expect to experience some wounds. The good news is that we are fundamentally designed to heal. While the statement above has philosophical implications, we
Ovarian Remnant Syndrome in Dogs and Cats
Whether the patient is a dog or a cat, ovarian remnant syndrome is suspected when a spayed female pet appears to be coming into heat, something that should be impossible after spaying. A spayed female
Neuropathic Pain in Dogs and Cats
Neuropathic pain is an abnormal painful response. It is caused by injury to or disease of the nerves, spinal cord or parts of the brain that are involved in receiving, conducting and interpreting pain
Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA) in Dogs
Progressive retinal atrophy, or PRA, describes a group of inherited degenerative disorders of the retina that occur commonly in dogs and rarely in cats. The retina is like the film in a camera. It con
Pet Treats...What to Look Out For
Pet treats are widely used, and for good reason. Treats can be useful training tools, and pets typically like treats (and owners like to make their pets happy). But even something as simple as feeding
Feline Aortic Thromboembolism (FATE or Saddle Thrombus)
(Also called saddle thrombus) One tends to feel apprehensive about a condition with the acronym FATE, and rightly so. FATE (feline aortic thromboembolism) is a dramatic and painful condition with seri
Dietary Therapy for Hyperthyroidism in Cats
Additional Resources Hyperthyroidism Treatment Options in Cats and Dogs Hyperthyroidism Medication for Cats Signs, Symptoms, and Diagnosis of Hyperthyroidism in Cats Surgical Treatment for Fel
Ibuprofen Toxicity in Dogs and Cats
DO NOT GIVE IBUPROFEN TO DOGS OR CATS. IT IS UNSAFE TO DO SO. Ibuprofen has been available as a human pain reliever in the United States since 1974. In 1984, tablets up to 200 mg became over-the-count
Expandable Foaming Glues like Gorilla Glue Cause Obstructions in Pets
If swallowed in liquid form, some polyurethane-based glue products can create a life-threatening stomach blockage because they expand and harden once in the stomach. Glues that contain diphenylmethane
Lipomas in Dogs and Cats
Finding a lump under a beloved pet's skin is a disturbing event and definitely warrants a trip to the veterinarian's office for an evaluation. Generally speaking, tumors are classified as benign which
Bladder Stones (Struvite) in Cats
What is Struvite? Struvite is a urinary mineral composed of ammonium, phosphate, and magnesium. These three substances are common in urine and if they exist in high enough concentrations, they will bi
Breast Cancer Happens in Companion Animals
Print an 8.5"x11" pdf of this poster. Everyone reading this is a mammal (unless you are a particularly sentient anemone, coelacanth or axolotl), and one of the things that pegs us as mammals and unite
Pulmonary Hypertension in Dogs and Cats
What is Pulmonary Hypertension? Pulmonary (lung) hypertension (PHT) is high blood pressure in the arteries and pulmonary veins leading in and out of your pet's lungs. If the high blood pressure become
PTSD Can Occur in Companion Animals after Disasters
Dogs and cats who survive disasters can suffer from post-traumatic stress disorder in the same way as their owners and for the same reasons: being placed in an environment that is unpredictable and th
Insulinoma in Dogs and Cats
The pancreas is a small, light pink glandular organ nestled under the stomach and alongside the duodenum (upper small intestine). The endocrine pancreas is the part of the pancreas that secretes hormo
Pythiosis (Oomycosis, Lagenidiosis, Swamp Cancer, Bursatti, Leeches) in Dogs, Cats and Horses
Pythiosis is caused by a fungal-like aquatic organism called Pythium insidiosum . This organism is not a true fungus, but behaves somewhat similarly. It exists in stagnant water, or on grasses that ha
Hot Spots (Pyotraumatic Dermatitis) in Dogs and Cats
What are Hot Spots? When the weather gets warm, we start seeing more dogs with hot spots. These wounds are weepy, wet, red, and sometimes bloody when they are fresh, and they are dry and scabby when t
Umbilical Hernias in Puppies and Kittens
An umbilical hernia is a condition in which abdominal contents (fat, intestines, etc.) protrude past the abdominal wall at the location where the umbilical cord was attached to the fetus. Congenital u
Obesity is Unhealthy in Dogs and Cats
Obesity has become an extremely important health problem in the Western world, not just for humans but for dogs and cats as well. Obesity in pets is associated with joint problems, diabetes mellitus ,
Diabetic Cat Diet
Additional Resources Diabetes Mellitus: Introduction Cataracts in Diabetic Dogs Diabetic Ketoacidosis in Dogs and Cats Diabetic Dog Diet Glargine (Lantus) and Detemir (Levemir) Insulin Ins
Diabetic Ketoacidosis in Dogs and Cats
Additional Resources Diabetes Mellitus: Introduction Cataracts in Diabetic Dogs Diabetic Cat Diet Diabetic Dog Diet Glargine (Lantus) and Detemir (Levemir) Insulin Insulin Administration i
Monitoring Glucose Regulation in Dogs and Cats
Monitoring is crucial to determining your pet’s proper insulin dose. Much monitoring can be done at home, and it is possible to save a great deal of money by doing so; however, some tests simply must
Canned Food Transition for Cats Addicted to Dry Food
(The information contained in this handout is an excerpt from Feeding Your Cat: Know the Basics of Feline Nutrition, which can be found at the author's website, catinfo.org .) Cats, like children, oft
Cerebellar Hypoplasia Cats Are Clumsy from Birth
Also known as Spastic Cat Syndrome and Wobbly Cat Syndrome The cat with cerebellar hypoplasia is abnormal from infancy, though it may not be clear that something is wrong until the kittens reach an ag
Lithotripsy in Dogs and Cats
Lithotripsy is a funny word for a minimally invasive alternative to urinary stone removal surgery. "Lith" means stone and "tripsis" means crushing so, in short, lithotripsy refers to breaking stones i
MRSA: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Dogs and Cats
Staphylococcus aureus, often called Staph aureus or S. aureus, is a bacterium that is normally carried in the nose of about 30% of the general human population. While dogs and cats do not commonly car
Ectopic Ureters in Dogs
If you are reading this information, the chances are that you have a puppy (probably female) with urinary incontinence and you have been told that she may have ectopic ureters. Most likely, your puppy
Liver Tumors and Cancers in Dogs and Cats
Confirming a liver tumor requires a medical diagnostic journey starting with a sick pet or perhaps an abnormal lab test. From these beginnings, the journey proceeds through further blood tests and, ul
Malignant Melanoma in Dogs and Cats
Most people have heard of malignant melanoma and know it is a serious skin cancer. The cells involved are the melanocytes, the skin cells that produce the pigment known as melanin. In humans, malignan
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC) in Dogs and Cats
Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) is an extreme complication of numerous already life-threatening conditions leading to the deregulation of the body’s natural mechanisms of blood clotting a
Pacemakers in Dogs and Cats
Just like people, some pets need a pacemaker to keep their hearts ticking. This article provides general information about why a pet might require a pacemaker, and how pacemakers are implanted. Why Wo
Flea and Tick Control Products for Dogs and Cats
This flea and tick control chart created by veterinary dermatology and toxicology specialists provides an easy comparison of the active ingredients, appropriate species and age, dosage and method of a
Tritrichomonas Infection Causes Diarrhea in Cats
(Try-tricko-monas) Kittens and cats living in groups have an assortment of infectious diseases to contend with upper respiratory infections , coronavirus, and coccidia , to name a few. Tritrichomonas
Pulmonic Stenosis in Dogs and Cats
Pulmonic stenosis, affectionately known as PS, is the third most common congenital heart disease in dogs. It can be accompanied by additional heart defects to create a constellation of disaster or it
Senior Cats' Health Issues
A cat's health changes with age. Physical and mental changes occur, just as they do with people. Most older cats sleep more than they did when young, and they usually sleep more deeply. They may not b
Lice in Dogs and Cats
Lice are an uncommon parasite in dogs and cats in the U.S. Lice infestations can occur in animals in any environment, but they're more common in animals that live in crowded conditions, in animals tha
Neonatal Isoerythrolysis in Kittens
Imagine this tragic scenario. A mother cat carries her litter normally and gives birth to a healthy litter of kittens. She cleans them, nurses them, cares for them but within a few days they have all
Breed-Related Dermatoses in Dogs and Cats
Breeds and Associated Skin Diseases of Cats and Dogs Cats Abyssinian Psychogenic alopecia and dermatitis Follicular dysplasia (hair shaft disorder of Abyssinians) Devon Rex Familial hypotrichosis Hima
Cryptorchidism (Retained Testicles) in Dogs and Cats
Cryptorchidism is a condition in which a male’s testicles have not descended (dropped) into the scrotum. At birth, a male puppy’s or kitten’s testicles are located near the inguinal ring. By 8 weeks o
Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Cats
Squamous cell carcinoma is not only the most common oral malignancy in cats, it has one of the poorest outcomes. In most cases, the goal is to minimize infection and pain until the tumor has advanced
Cytauxzoonosis in Cats
Cytauxzoon felis infection is highly seasonal and takes place in spring and early summer when the tick population is active. What is Cytauxzoon felis ? Cytauxzoon (pronounced “sight-oz-o-un”) organism
Hot Spots in Dogs and Cats
A hot spot is a superficial skin infection that results when the normal skin bacteria overrun the skin’s defenses as a result of damage to the skin surface. This is most often started by the dog chewi
Entropion in Dogs and Cats
Entropion is an uncomfortable or painful condition in which the eyelids roll inward, allowing the eyelashes (or other hair) to rub against the cornea and irritate it. The upper and/or lower eyelids ca
Myeloma-Related Disorders in Cats
What are Myeloma-related Disorders? Myeloma is a type of cancer that affects plasma cells. Plasma cells are specialized lymphocytes, i.e. they are part of the white blood cell group and are key compon
Malignant Thyroid Tumors in Dogs and Cats
Meet the Thyroid Glands The two thyroid glands are located in the throat, nestled just behind the larynx on either side of the windpipe. These glands are responsible for making and storing thyroid hor
Hyperlipidemia in Dogs and Cats
Hyperlipidemia is a general term for disorders in which too many fat molecules (called lipids) circulate in the blood. The two most important lipids in pets are cholesterol and triglycerides. Lipids a
Nasal Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Cats
Squamous cell carcinomas are tumors that are locally destructive and can spread aggressively in the area where they have arisen. That said, there are some circumstances where it is possible to either
Calcium Phosphorus Balance in Dogs and Cats
Additional Resources Kidney Failure in Dogs and Cats: Where to Begin Fluid Therapy in Pets Renal Failure Dietary Therapy Kidney Dialysis: Is it for your Pet? Kidney Transplants for Cats and
Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Dogs and Cats
When squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) occurs in the mouth and throat, it’s called oral squamous cell carcinoma. In these oral cases, the lesion is usually located on the gums or tonsils. Squamous cell ca
Itching and Allergy in Cats
Coping with an itchy cat can be an extremely frustrating experience for you, the pet owner, and can truly test the limits of the human-animal bond. Persistent scratching and chewing can also result in
Iris Coloboma in Dogs and Cats
The iris is the part of the eye that’s colored. In dogs, the iris is usually brown or blue. In cats, it can be brown, blue, green, and gold (yellow). The pupil, which is the black hole in the center o
Fur Mowing in Cats
What is fur-mowing? In short, the cat is licking off all his hair. Often the belly is nearly as bald as if it were shaved. Sometimes a Mohawk of normal fur makes a stripe down the back, surrounded by
Hemivertebrae are Congenitally Deformed Vertebra in Dogs and Cats
(Also called Butterfly Vertebrae) Backbones, more technically called vertebrae, make up the vertebral column and consist of small block-like bones joined by spongy discs. They support the skeleton and
Nasal Pharyngeal Polyps in Cats
Naso-pharyngeal polyps (nasopharyngeal polyps, otopharyngeal polyps, inflammatory polyps, middle ear polyps) are the most common masses that are seen in the external ear canal in cats. They are benign
Amputation is Preferable to Continued Pain
Dear Friend: I've decided to sit down and put pen to paper on behalf of your veterinarian and indeed, all veterinarians in small animal practice. If you've found your way to this article, it's very li
Portosystemic Shunt in Dogs and Cats
A portosystemic shunt (PSS, portasystemic shunt, portocaval shunt, portacaval shunt, liver shunt, hepatic shunt, or porto-systemic vascular anomaly) happens when a pet’s venous blood from the stomach,
Atrial Fibrillation in Dogs and Cats
What Makes a Normal Heart Beat? The heart is a large muscle with four chambers. There are two top chambers (left and right) called the atria and two bottom chambers (left and right) called the ventric
Pneumothorax in Dogs and Cats
Pneumothorax is a collection of air or gas in the space surrounding the lungs. The extra air doesn’t allow the lungs to inflate normally, so dogs and cats with pneumothorax can have difficulty breathi
Anorexia, or Lack of Appetite, in Dogs and Cats
Appetite loss and appetite reduction are important factors in illness assessment, and they must be recognized and reported as soon as possible. Acceptance of favorite foods often determines if a pet s
Dilated Cardiomyopathy in Dogs and Cats
Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is one of the more common acquired heart diseases in dogs. DCM is a primary disease of the heart muscle (cardio = heart; myo = muscle; pathy = disease) in which the myocar
Fractures in Dogs and Cats
If this article has caught your attention, it may be that your pet has had the misfortune of suffering a fractured bone. This is a traumatic experience for both you and your pet, and there are a few t
Heart Murmurs in Dogs and Cats
My Pet Has a Heart Murmur – What Does This Mean? A heart murmur is one of several types of abnormal sounds your veterinarian can hear when listening to your pet’s heart with a stethoscope. Normally, t
Urinary Tract (Bladder) Infection in Dogs and Cats
The urinary tract infection is one of the most common ailments in small animal practice, yet many pet owners are confused about the medical approach. Some common questions are: Are bladder infection
Flea Control for Allergic Dogs and Cats
For some pets, fleas are just an annoyance. However, for pets with allergies, fleas are a serious problem. In addition to causing severe itching, fleas can also cause other problems such as skin infec
Mammary Tumors in Cats
With approximately one woman in eight or nine falling victim to this form of cancer, there are awareness campaigns from numerous healthcare agencies, and research is ongoing. Every woman is encouraged
Immunotherapy for Allergies in Cats, Dogs, and Horses
Allergen Immunotherapy (AIT), or Allergen Specific Immunotherapy (ASIT) Allergen-specific immunotherapy (ASIT), commonly referred to as allergy shots, are the most effective way to address airborne al
Cardiomyopathy in Cats
Cardiomyopathy means heart ( cardio ) muscle ( myo ) disease ( pathy ). Cardiomyopathies in cats fall broadly into five categories: Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM; the most common heart disease in
Chylothorax is more Common in Cats than Dogs
First, the Basics Let us consider the chest cavity for a moment. The chest can also be called the thorax and the chest cavity is sometimes called the thoracic cavity. The thorax houses the lungs and h
Cuterebriasis is a Parasite Causing Skin Infections in Dogs and Cats
Cuterebriasis is caused by a fly called Cuterebra . The parasite infests small mammals that spend time outdoors, such as dogs, cats, rabbits, ferrets, squirrels, and rodents. Cuterebra are large non-f
Giardia in Pets
See the article summary below . What is Giardia? Giardia are single-celled organisms, infectious to many types of animals ( including humans ) all over the world. As you can see in the above image, Gi
Clinical Signs of Oral or Dental Disease in Pets
Bad breath (halitosis) Broken tooth/teeth Excessive drooling Reluctance to eat, especially dry food, or to play with chew toys Chewing with or favoring one side of the mouth Pawing at or r
Sunscreen for Pets
Sunscreen, or sunblock, can be used on cats and dogs. Pets with light skin and a short or thin hair coat are particularly prone to sunburn, skin cancer, and other solar-induced skin diseases (solar de
Vascular Accidents (Strokes) in the Brains of Dogs and Cats
Most of us have some idea of what happens when someone has a stroke: they are going along normally, and then suddenly, a group of nerves does not work. This might involve an inability to move certain
Hydrocephalus (Water on the Brain) in Dogs and Cats
In hydrocephalus, there is too much fluid, either because of a drainage problem or an over-production problem. The brain and spinal cord are bathed in cerebrospinal fluid, the fluid that is tapped and
Ticks Are Arthropod Parasites for Mammals
Ticks are skin parasites that feed on the blood of their hosts. Ticks like motion, warm temperatures from body heat, and the carbon dioxide exhaled by mammals, so they are attracted to such hosts as d
Retained Baby Teeth in Dogs and Cats Need Surgical Extraction
Puppies normally have 28 deciduous (baby) teeth that erupt during the first six months of life, and adults have 42 permanent teeth. Kittens have 26 baby teeth, and adult cats have 30. For the baby tee
Blastomycosis is a Systemic Fungal infection Affecting Dogs and Cats
Blastomycosis, caused by Blastomyces dermatitidis , is a systemic fungal infection that affects dogs and cats. Blastomycosis is most common in certain geographic areas in North America, most often the
Bacterial Diarrheas in Puppies & Kittens
Bacterial diarrheas are generally a nuisance for the adult animal but can be lethal to a small puppy, kitten, or even a human baby. Most of these problems stem from contaminated food or fecal contamin
Hip Dislocation in Dogs and Cats
To understand how hips dislocate and how they can be put back in place, some knowledge of anatomy is needed. The normal hip joint can be described as a ball and socket. The thigh bone is called the fe
Hypocalcemia (Low Blood Calcium) in Cats and Dogs
When the Results say Low Blood Calcium Calcium is a mineral we have all heard about as we have been told to drink milk for adequate calcium since we were children. Women are encouraged to take calcium
Pyelonephritis in Dogs and Cats
Also known as pyelitis or upper urinary tract infection, pyelonephritis is an inflammation of the kidney, specifically of the parenchyma and renal pelvis. Pyelonephritis is a common condition that fre
Pyothorax in Dogs and Cats
First, an Anatomy Lesson Pyothorax happens in an area of the chest called the pleural space. Thorax is another way of saying chest cavity. Chest cavities contain the heart and lungs, and other importa
Meningioma in Dogs and Cats
The Most Common Brain Tumor of Dogs and Cats The idea that someone we care about has a brain tumor is virtually unthinkable; yet, sometimes it must be considered. Meningioma is probably the most commo
Distemper (Panleukopenia) in Cats
Feline distemper, also known as feline panleukopenia, is a very contagious, life-threatening infectious disease of cats. It commonly swoops through a group of cats, especially kittens, leaving a trail
Cholangitis (Cholangiohepatitis) in Cats
What is Cholangitis and is it Different from Cholangiohepatitis? The word cholangiohepatitis breaks down into “ chol ” (bile), “ angio ” (vessel), hepat (liver), and “ itis ” (inflammation). Putting t
Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) in Dogs
The signs of inflammation in the colon (also called the large intestine) are the same regardless of the cause: mucousy diarrhea, straining to pass stool, cramping, and sometimes a surprising urgency t
Cryptosporidium is a Particularly Challenging Type of Coccidia for Pets
What are Coccidia and Why they are Bad Coccidia are a common parasite of young puppies and kittens. They reproduce inside intestinal cells, ultimately killing the cells within which they divide and pr
Taenia Species Tapeworms in Dogs and Cats
After gaining some pet-owning experience, the average pet owner has heard of tapeworms transmitted by fleas and knows to watch for sesame seed-like segments around their pet's nether regions or on the
Rat Poison's Effect on Dogs and Cats
The EPA has been at odds with Reckitt Benckiser (the makers of d-CON) since 1999 when they began seriously scrutinizing the risks of rat poison products to pets, children, and wildlife. At last, Recki
Pneumonia Management in Dogs and Cats
Most people have heard the term pneumonia and know it is a serious lung infection. In fact, "pneumonia" is not a very specific term and essentially means inflammation of any origin in the deep lung ti
Kidney Dialysis: Is It for Your Pet?
Additional Resources Kidney Failure in Dogs and Cats: Where to Begin Fluid Therapy in Pets Renal Failure Dietary Therapy Kidney Transplants for Cats and Dogs Kidney Failure (Chronic) Links
Bladder Stones (Oxalate) in Cats
Discovering Your Cat Has a Bladder Stone Presumably, you are reading this page because your cat has or had a calcium oxalate bladder stone or your cat has or had a bladder stone that is likely to be a
Feline Pregnancy and Kitten Birth
Too often, a litter of kittens comes as an almost total surprise. The cute little girl kitten from last fall is one day noticed to be a bit round in the middle only the very next spring. No one got ar
Hypercalcemia in Dogs and Cats
What Does High Blood Calcium Mean? Calcium is a mineral we have all heard about as many of us have been told to drink our milk for adequate calcium since we were children. Women are encouraged to supp
Plasma Cell Pododermatitis (Pillow Foot) in Cats
Plasma cell pododermatitis is a foot pad disease of cats that is fairly classical in its appearance, yet its significance is poorly understood. Plasma cell pododermatitis literally means foot inflamma
Total Ear Canal Ablation (TECA) and Ventral Bulla Osteotomy for End-Stage Ears in Dogs and Cats
Sometimes an ear infection is simply hopeless. Perhaps the organism growing is too resistant for treatment. Perhaps the ear canal has actually mineralized from chronic irritation. Perhaps the ear cana
Nicotine Poisoning in Pets
Everyone knows the Surgeon General’s warning about cigarette smoking but what about cigarette eating? Nicotine poisoning is a real concern anywhere that a pet may find cigarettes, cigarette butts, che
Infectious Anemia in Cats
(Also called feline hemotropic mycoplasmosis, infection by Hemobartonella felis , infection by Mycoplasma haemofelis , by Mycoplasma haemominutum, or by Mycoplasma turicensis ) Parasitic organisms sur
Whipworm Infection in Dogs and Cats
This worm is one of the "big four" intestinal parasites with which our canine friends must often contend: roundworms , tapeworms , hookworms , and whipworms. The whipworm that affects dogs ( Trichuris
Bloody Nose (Epistaxis) in Dogs and Cats
Some blood-tinged droplets sneezed on the floor might be the only sign, or there might be a steady, inexorable bloody drip from one or both nostrils. These findings are alarming as well as messy in th
Lead Poisoning in Dogs and Cats
The most common cause of lead poisoning in pets is ingestion of lead-based paint. Although lead-based paint is no longer available in the United States, it was used in buildings for many years. When t
Thrombocytopenia in Dogs and Cats
Platelets (thrombocytes) are produced in the bone marrow. Platelets circulate in the blood. When your pet gets cut, platelets stick to the edges of the cut and to one another, forming a plug. They the
Neonatal Isoerythrolysis in Cats
Neonatal isoerythrolysis, or NI, is a rare immune-mediated disease that is caused when newborn kittens with type A blood drink colostrum from a mother with type B blood. The antibodies contained in th
Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency in Dogs and Cats
What the Pancreas Normally Does The pancreas is a small, light pink glandular organ nestled under the stomach and alongside the upper small intestine. There are two types of pancreatic tissues to know
Steroid Use in Dogs and Cats
Most people are familiar with cortisone and may even know that it is a steroid but, even though steroids are commonly prescribed to both people and animals, much more knowledge than that is not really
Hard to Regulate Diabetic Cats
Additional Resources Diabetes Mellitus: Introduction Cataracts in Diabetic Dogs Diabetic Ketoacidosis in Dogs and Cats Diabetic Cat Diet Diabetic Dog Diet Glargine (Lantus) and Detemir (Le
Mast Cell Tumors in Dogs and Cats
What is a Mast Cell? A normal mast cell is part of our immunologic defense systems against invading organisms. Mast cells are meant to participate in the war against parasites (as opposed to the war a
Bartonella and Cat Scratch Fever
Most people know very little about this infection other than it involves a fever spread by cat scratches. In fact, it involves infection by bacteria of the genus Bartonella . There are 24 Bartonella s
Cats and Ferrets Had SARS in Laboratory Setting
While researching appropriate medicine for humans infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), scientists discovered that cats and ferrets can get SARS from humans, at least in a laboratory
Flea Control for Dogs and Cats
Fleas are the most common external parasites of companion animals. In addition to causing itching and other skin problems, fleas can transmit diseases to animals and people. The majority of the flea p
Pyoderma in Dogs
Pyoderma is a bacterial skin infection (bacterial dermatitis). Pyodermas in dogs are usually caused by Staphylococcus bacteria (Staphylococcal folliculitis or furunculosis). These bacteria usually wil
Otitis Externa Treatment in Dogs and Cats
Otitis externa is an inflammation or infection of the external ear canal . Bacteria, yeast, ear mites, and allergies can all cause otitis externa . Addressing this problem involves four steps: Clean
Pregnancy Termination in Dogs and Cats
Sometimes nature takes an unwanted course. Maybe you kept putting off scheduling your female pet’s spay surgery, and before you knew it, she was in heat. Perhaps there was an especially industrious ma
Workups for Itchy Dogs and Cats
Pruritus, or itching, in dogs and cats, can involve scratching and licking, chewing, or biting the skin. Pruritus is the most common symptom of skin disease in veterinary medicine. Many conditions can
Transitional Cell Carcinoma in Dogs and Cats
Transitional cell carcinoma (frequently abbreviated to TCC) is a particularly unpleasant malignant tumor of the urinary bladder. This tumor type is also sometimes called urothelial carcinoma. In dogs,
Myasthenia Gravis in Dogs and Cats
What You Need to Know to Understand this Disease Myasthenia gravis is a disease that interrupts the way nerves communicate with muscles. To understand this disease, you must have some understanding of
Hookworms in Cats and Dogs
Hookworms ( Ancylostoma caninum, Ancylostoma braziliense, Uncinaria stenocephala ) are one of the classical groups of internal parasites of puppies, the others being roundworms , tapeworms , and cocci
Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV)
Feline leukemia virus, a retrovirus, is a common infection of cats. It is the cause of more cat deaths, directly or indirectly, than any other organism and is widespread in the cat population. Disease
Hepatic Lipidosis (Fatty Liver Disease) in Cats
Owners of cats that have been diagnosed with fatty liver disease or for whom fatty liver is being considered can use some information. Briefly, lipidosis (the medical name for "fatty liver") is a caus
Hemangiosarcoma is Blood or Skin Cancer in Dogs and Cats
Hemangiosarcoma is a malignant tumor of blood vessel cells. With the exception of the skin form - which can often be eliminated by surgery - a diagnosis of hemangiosarcoma is bad news. When found inte
Lymphoma in Cats
Additional Resources Common Lymphoma Chemotherapy Medications for Cats and Dogs Lymphoma Lymphoma in Dogs Lymphoma Treatment Includes Nutritional Therapy for Dogs and Cats Lymphoma is curren
Normal Joints Look Like This in Dogs and Cats
Additional Resources Medications for Degenerative Arthritis in Dogs and Cats Physical Therapy for Arthritic Patients A pet doesn’t have to be a senior citizen to require joint care supplements,
Home Cooked or Raw Diets for Dogs and Cats
Many people would like to feed home-cooked or raw diets to their dogs and cats, however, well-balanced home-cooked or raw diets are often hard for owners to design and make. To complicate matters, the
Demodectic Mange in Cats
Demodex mites are normal residents of the skin in virtually all mammal species. They live inside hair follicles and cause no trouble for the most part. They do not spread from host to host in a contag
Immune-Mediated Thrombocytopenia (IMT)
(Immune Destruction of Blood Platelets, also called ITP or IMT ) What is a Platelet? A platelet is a cloud-shaped blood cell, neither related to the red blood cell line nor the white blood cell line.
Immune Mediated Hemolytic Anemia (IMHA) in Dogs and Cats
See the article summary below . (Formerly known as autoimmune hemolytic anemia or AIHA) Immune-mediated hemolytic anemia (IMHA) is a condition in which the body’s immune system attacks and removes its
Bad Breath in Dogs and Cats
What Is Halitosis? Halitosis, also called bad breath, is as an offensive odor emanating from the oral cavity. Bad breath is a common presenting pet odor complaint. Common causes may be related to the
Glomerulonephritis in Dogs and Cats
See article summary below Additional Resources Kidney Failure in Dogs and Cats: Where to Begin Fluid Therapy in Pets Renal Failure Dietary Therapy Kidney Dialysis: Is it for your Pet? Kidney
Kidney Transplants for Cats and Dogs
Additional Resources Kidney Failure in Dogs and Cats: Where to Begin Fluid Therapy in Pets Renal Failure Dietary Therapy Kidney Dialysis: Is it for your Pet? Kidney Failure (Chronic) Links
Dry Eye (Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca) in Dogs and Cats
(Dry eye is formally known as keratoconjunctivitis sicca or KCS) Why Tears Are Good Imagine the discomfort of dry, irritated eyes and the soothing that is provided by lubricating eye drops. Tears are
Herpes Viral Conjunctivitis: A Feline Problem
The conjunctival membranes of the eye are basically the pink part under the eyelids and the lining of the eyelids themselves. When they are irritated, they redden and can become itchy, dry, and uncomf
Plasma Cell Stomatitis in Cats
(Also called lymphoplasmacytic stomatitis, LPS, feline caudal stomatitis, chronic oral inflammatory disease, feline chronic gingivostomatitis, or caudal mucositis) A general physical examination invol
Tail Pull Injuries in Cats
(Also called sacrocaudal fractures in cats) First, an Anatomy Lesson Tails are wonderful, expressive body parts used by cats for communication purposes as well as for balance. The tail consists of a v
Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV)
What Is FIV? FIV stands for feline immunodeficiency virus, just as HIV stands for human immunodeficiency virus. In fact, these two viruses are closely related, and much of the general information that
High Blood Pressure in Our Pets
Additional Resources Kidney Failure in Dogs and Cats: Where to Begin Fluid Therapy in Pets Renal Failure Dietary Therapy Kidney Dialysis: Is it for your Pet? Kidney Transplants for Cats and
Safe Gardening for Dogs and Cats
Gardening is a relaxing pastime many enjoy, and many people allow pets in their gardens. The garden shops and catalogs are full of gorgeous garden shrubs and flowers. They tell us how to water and how
Cat's Teeth Examination for Cat Owners
It's easy to recognize if your cat has a broken leg, but how about a broken tooth? You would think pets would stop eating when they had oral problems. Unfortunately, this is not usually the case. By t
Dental Care in Cats
Feline dental care is perhaps the most overlooked and under-treated area in small animal medicine. Cats are affected by many of the same dental problems that affect dogs, including periodontal disease
Periodontal Disease in Dogs and Cats
What Is Periodontal Disease? Periodontal disease is inflammation of some or all of a tooth's support. Compared to gingivitis, periodontitis indicates bone loss. Periodontitis may cause loose, painful
Gingivostomatitis in Cats
What is it? Feline gingivostomatitis (FGS) is a severe, painful oral disease that affects some cats where the cat’s mouth becomes allergic to plaque on the teeth and tongue and gums. The allergic resp
Oral Masses/Ulcers in Dogs and Cats
What are oral masses? Some dogs and cats develop growths in their mouths. Similar to humans, these growths may be benign or malignant. Once a mass is noticed, analysis must be made to determine the ca
Stomatitis in Cats
Cats can be affected by inflammation of the entire mouth, called stomatitis or feline gingivostomatitis (FGS). An immune-related cause is suspected due to the large amount of plasma cells encountered
Tooth Resorption in Cats
A common feline oral malady is tooth resorption (TR). Greater than half of all cats older than three years old will have at least one tooth affected by resorption; it affects dogs less frequently. The
Dental Care in Dogs and Cats and What to Expect
Like people, dogs and cats require regular dental care to maintain their health. Without it, they can develop painful dental problems, lose teeth, or even suffer from infections that can spread to the
Orthodontics for Pets
Just as you would want to cure a painful skin condition or sore joint in your pet, consider relieving pain in your pet's mouth. When an oral problem is caused by poorly aligned teeth, orthodontic trea
Toothbrushing and Dental Prophylaxis in Cats and Dogs
Why Should I Brush My Dog's Or Cat's Teeth? Daily removal of plaque is the key to an oral hygiene program. Unless your pet's teeth are brushed daily, plaque, which is an accumulation of bacteria, will
Urinary Blockage in Cats
Additional Resources Lower Urinary Tract Disease in Cats Idiopathic Cystitis in Cats Inappropriate Elimination (House-Soiling) in Cats Urinary Blockage is an emergency! Recognizing The Emergen
Common Household Items Can Poison Pets
The ASPCA's Animal Poison Control lists these products as the most common ones that can poison pets. These are not the only ones, just the most common ones. Household Products Bleach Carpet fresheners
Winter Holiday Hazards for Pets
The holiday season is upon us, and many people plan to include their furry companions in the festivities. As you gear up for the holidays, it is important to try to keep your pet's eating and exercise
Home Testing of Blood Glucose for Diabetic Cats
Additional Resources Diabetes Mellitus: Introduction Cataracts in Diabetic Dogs Diabetic Ketoacidosis in Dogs and Cats Diabetic Cat Diet Diabetic Dog Diet Glargine (Lantus) and Detemir (Le
Medications for Degenerative Arthritis in Dogs and Cats
Additional Resources Normal Joints Look Like this in Dogs and Cats Pharmaceuticals and Nutraceuticals for Arthritis There are numerous treatments and products available to manage joint pain, and eac
Flea Anemia in Cats and Dogs
It is important to get the message out early: Fleas aren't just a nuisance. They drink blood, and blood loss can kill. In almost every case, the owner had no idea that flea infestation could be lethal
Cataracts in Dogs and Cats
The normal lens of the eye is a focusing device. It is completely clear and is suspended in position by tissue fibers (called zonules) just inside the pupil. The pupil opens and closes to control the
Abscesses in Cats from Bite Wounds
An abscess forms when an infected bite wound heals over on its surface, thus sealing the deeper infection inside. Fever is generated as the infection incubates. Diseased tissue and the inflammatory ce
Roundworms In Cats And Kittens
There are two species of roundworms that affect cats and kittens: Toxocara cati and Toxascaris leonina, with Toxocara cati (cats only), felt to be the more harmful species . Toxascaris leonina affects
Horner's Syndrome in Cats and Dogs
Horner's syndrome is a collection of signs that have significance when they go together. It is important to realize that having a syndrome is not the same as having a diagnosis. A syndrome, however, o
Poisonous Plants for Dogs and Cats
The ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center provides a list of plants that have been reported as having systemic effects on animals and/or intense effects on the gastrointestinal tract. Please note that th
Toxic and Non-toxic Plants
The ASPCA offers a database of toxic and non-toxic plants , with photos, to dogs, cats, and horses. You can see a list that affects only one of those three species, or view all of them. This list cont
Allergies: Atopic Dermatitis in Dogs and Cats
Atopy Atopy is defined as the genetic tendency to develop allergic diseases. These diseases are due to a heightened immune response to common environmental substances, known as allergens. In atopic de
Asthma in Cats
What is Asthma? Asthma is a recurring respiratory compromise featuring the constriction (narrowing) of the lung’s airways. There are three features that define asthma: • Airway inflammation • Airway h
Food Allergies in Dogs and Cats
Your Pet's Itchy Skin Itchy skin in dogs and cats is often more than just a minor annoyance. Red, oozing bald patches, rashes, and large expanses of hair loss are unfortunate markers of very real disc
Itch Relief for Dogs and Cats
The Itching Pet: Alternatives to Steroids Excessive licking, chewing, and scratching can make a pet’s life miserable for month after month, even year after year. No one likes to see their pet uncomfor
Vaccine Allergic Reactions in Dogs and Cats
With vaccination commonly recommended annually, most pet owners are accustomed to taking their pets to the vet for "yearly shots." It seems such a commonplace part of routine pet care that many people
Inappropriate Elimination (House Soiling) in Cats
Additional Resources Lower Urinary Tract Disease in Cats Idiopathic Cystitis in Cats Urinary Blockage in Cats Despite the cat’s reputation for fastidious cleanliness, house-soiling is the numb
Heartworm Infection in Cats
Do Cats Get Heartworm? The answer to this question is an unequivocal yes, but feline heartworm disease is a lung disease rather than a heart disease as it is in dogs. The parasite is the same but beca
Ear Infections (Otitis) in Dogs
Dogs seem to get ear infections with a surprising frequency, and some dogs have to deal with ear infections nearly constantly. When one considers that human ear infections seem few and far between, on
Ear Mites in Dogs and Cats
See the article summary below . Most people have heard of ear mites and know they are a common ear parasite of dogs and cats, but that is where most people's knowledge of ear disease ends. In fact, in
Vestibular Disease in Dogs and Cats
What on Earth Is the Vestibular Apparatus? In a nutshell, the vestibular apparatus is the neurological equipment responsible for perceiving your body's orientation relative to the earth (determining i
Cushing's Syndrome: Classifying the Type
Additional Resources Quality of Life Survey for Dog Owners With and Without Cushing's disease Symptoms of Cushing's Syndrome Cushing's Syndrome: Description Laboratory Tests Hinting at Cushing
Diabetes Mellitus: Introduction
Additional Resources Cataracts in Diabetic Dogs Diabetic Ketoacidosis in Dogs and Cats Diabetic Cat Diet Diabetic Dog Diet Flash Glucose Monitoring with FreeStyle Libre in Cats and Dogs Gl
Hyperthyroidism Medication for Cats (Methimazole)
Additional Resources Hyperthyroidism Treatment Options in Cats and Dogs Signs, Symptoms, and Diagnosis of Hyperthyroidism in Cats Surgical Treatment for Feline Hyperthyroidism Thyroid Dietary
Hyperthyroidism Treatment Options in Cats
Additional Resources Hyperthyroidism Medication for Cats Signs, Symptoms and Diagnosis of Hyperthyroidism in Cats Surgical Treatment for Feline Hyperthyroidism Thyroid Dietary Therapy for Cats
Insulin Administration in Cats
Additional Resources Diabetes Mellitus: Introduction Cataracts in Diabetic Dogs Diabetic Ketoacidosis in Dogs and Cats Diabetic Cat Diet Diabetic Dog Diet Glargine (Lantus) and Detemir (Le
Laboratory Tests Confirming Cushing's Syndrome
Additional Resources Quality of Life Survey for Dog Owners With and Without Cushing's disease Symptoms of Cushing's Syndrome Cushing's Syndrome: Description Laboratory Tests Hinting at Cushing
Laboratory Tests Hinting at Cushing's Syndrome
Additional Resources Quality of Life Survey for Dog Owners With and Without Cushing's disease Symptoms of Cushing's Syndrome Cushing's Syndrome: Description Laboratory Tests Confirming Cushing
Signs, Symptoms, and Diagnosis of Hyperthyroidism in Cats
See article summary below. Additional Resources Hyperthyroidism Treatment Options in Cats and Dogs Hyperthyroidism Medication for Cats Surgical Treatment for Feline Hyperthyroidism Thyroid Die
Surgical Treatment for Feline Hyperthyroidism
Additional Resources Hyperthyroidism Treatment Options in Cats and Dogs Hyperthyroidism Medication for Cats Signs, Symptoms and Diagnosis of Hyperthyroidism in Cats Thyroid Dietary Therapy for
Symptoms of Cushing's Syndrome
Additional Resources Quality of Life Survey for Dog Owners With and Without Cushing's disease Cushing's Syndrome: Description Laboratory Tests Hinting at Cushing's Syndrome Laboratory Tests Co
Thyroid Treatment Using Radiotherapy for Cats
Additional Resources Hyperthyroidism Treatment Options in Cats Hyperthyroidism Medication for Cats Signs, Symptoms, and Diagnosis of Hyperthyroidism in Cats Surgical Treatment for Feline Hyper
Corneal Ulcers and Erosions in Dogs and Cats
One of the classic eye problems veterinarians address is a red eye. The red eye may or may not be obviously painful, but when it is, the pet can be observed squinting or even rubbing at their face. Th
Eye Removal (Enucleation) in Pets
Answering Your Questions About Enucleation Why Might this Procedure be Necessary? In almost all cases, the eye is removed because it has reached a point where it has no chance of being capable of sigh
Coccidia Infects Intestines of Cats and Dogs
What on Earth are Coccidia? Coccidia are single-celled organisms that infect the intestine. They are microscopic parasites detectable on routine fecal tests in the same way that worms are, but coccidi
Colitis-Related Diarrhea in Dogs and Cats
See the article summary below. What is Colitis? In brief, colitis is the term for inflammation of the colon. The chief feature of colitis is frequently jelly-like, and/or liquid diarrhea featuring muc
Constipation and Megacolon in Dogs and Cats
See article summary below. Simple Constipation An occasional episode of constipation is not cause for alarm. When a pet is constipated, stools seem unusually hard, and there is unproductive straining.
Helicobacter Infection in Dogs and Cats
What is Helicobacter? Helicobacter is a genus of spiral bacteria that, amazingly, is able to survive the severe acidity of the stomach. The existence of such bacteria has been known of since 1889, but
Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Dogs and Cats
What is Inflammatory Bowel Disease? The membranes and layers of the normal GI tract are delicate and highly organized. There is a muscle layer responsible for the proper movement and mixing of digesti
Pancreatitis in Cats
See article summary below. Most people have heard of the pancreas but aren’t really sure what it is. The pancreas is a pale pink glandular organ nestled just under the stomach. It has two main functio
Rabies in Animals
Click here for a summary. Descriptions of rabies go back thousands of years, as rabies has classically been one of the most feared infections of all time. It is because of rabies that dog ownership vi
Tapeworms (Dipylidium caninum) in Dogs and Cats
The Common Tapeworm: Dipylidium caninum Biology and Lifecycle of the Parasite The adult Dipylidium caninum lives in the small intestine of a dog or cat. It does not float around freely or travel about
Upper Respiratory Infection in Cats
See article summary below . Signs Sneezing Nasal discharge Runny eyes Cough Oral or nasal ulcers Sniffles Fever Hoarse voice Or any combination thereof What Cats Are at Risk? The a
Injection Site Sarcoma (Cancer) in Cats
Also called vaccine-associated fibrosarcoma and vaxosarcoma. Back in the 1990s, researchers began to take note of locally aggressive tumors developing in the feline scruff of the neck, where vaccinati
Lymphoma
Additional Resources Common Lymphoma Chemotherapy Medications for Cats and Dogs Lymphoma in Cats Lymphoma in Dogs Lymphoma Treatment Includes Nutritional Therapy for Dogs and Cats Lymphoma,
Neutering Your Male Cat
Neutering a male cat is an excellent step to help your young cat grow into a loving, well-adapted family member. The main reason to neuter a male cat is to reduce the incidence of objectionable behavi
Orphan Puppy & Kitten Care
The Nest Box Keep the babies together as long as they are about the same age; this will help socialize them to their species and keep them warm. Try to assemble the following equipment: The babies'
Pilling a Cat
This is Sammie, our model for today. He has volunteered to take an amoxicillin tablet for our demonstration. The technician is assisting. These directions are for a right-handed person, so reverse the
Spaying your Female Cat
Spaying your cat is an important part of basic cat health care. Spaying at a young age prevents mammary cancer, and spaying at any age prevents unwanted kittens, noisy heat cycles, and possibly even u
Vaccine Information for Dogs, Cats, Puppies and Kittens
Why Do Baby Animals Need a Series of Shots and How Many do They Need? When a baby kitten or puppy is born, its immune system is not yet mature; the baby is wide open for infection. Fortunately, nature
Pyometra in Dogs and Cats
The word pyometra is derived from the Latin “pyo,” meaning pus, and “metra,” meaning uterus. A pyometra is an abscessed, pus-filled, infected uterus. Toxins and bacteria leak across the uterine walls
Eosinophilic Granuloma Complex in Cats
What is a Granuloma? A granuloma is a solid grouping of inflammatory cells growing together in a lump or solid structure. What is an Eosinophil? An eosinophil is a type of white blood cell that is act
Notoedric Mange in Cats (Feline Scabies)
Notoedric mange is the scabby, scaly skin disease resulting from feline mite Notoedres cati i nfection . Notoedres mites are closely related to sarcoptic mange mites of dogs, and thus, the two infecti
Ringworm in Dogs and Cats
What Kind of Infection is it? Many people are surprised to find that ringworm is not caused by a worm at all but by a fungus. The fungi involved are called dermatophytes, and the more scientifically c
Digging Deeper: Getting the Facts on the Dangers of Antifreeze and Your Pets
Chances are, you’re already aware of the fact that antifreeze can be a dangerous poison to humans and animals alike. But do you know why the substance is so toxic to pets? Would you know what to do if
Zinc Poisoning in Dogs and Cats
Red Blood Cell Destruction Most people have at least a passing familiarity with hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is the iron-containing protein that is responsible for the red color of blood. It binds the oxyge
Chronic Kidney Disease in Dogs and Cats: Where to Begin
Additional Resources Fluid Therapy in Pets Renal Failure Dietary Therapy Kidney Dialysis: Is it for your Pet? Kidney Transplants for Cats and Dogs Kidney Failure (Chronic) Links Calcium Ph
Idiopathic Cystitis in Cats
Additional Resources Lower Urinary Tract Disease in Cats Urinary Blockage in Cats Inappropriate Elimination (House-Soiling) in Cats (Also known as Pandora Syndrome and formerly known as FUS) T
Lower Urinary Tract Disease in Cats (also known as FLUTD)
The diseased lower urinary tract yields the same symptoms regardless of the cause. Bloody urine Straining to urinate (can easily be mistaken for straining to defecate) Urinating in unusual place
Inappropriate Elimination
House-training problems - called inappropriate elimination - are the number one cause of behavior-related complaints from cat lovers, and with good reason. No one likes to deal with urine and feces in
Chemical Injuries: First Aid
Chemical injuries to tissue are caused by contact with harmful chemicals such as lye, acids, and strong cleaning supplies. Also called chemical burns, they can be similar to thermal (heat) burns and t
Eye Injuries: First Aid
You should seek veterinary attention immediately if you see any of the following: Your pet squinting or protecting an eye Any suspected trauma to the eye Abnormal appearance of the eyeball Exc
Abscess: First Aid
Animal teeth and claws easily puncture skin, introducing bacteria under the skin. If the skin heals quickly, the bacteria become trapped and create pockets of infection commonly referred to as abscess
Bandaging: First Aid
Home bandaging is not a substitute for proper veterinary care and improperly applied bandages can result in limb loss. We use bandages for several reasons: to protect wounds from the environment, prot
Bee Stings and Insect Bites: First Aid
Any insect or spider can cause problems if they bite or sting your pet. A bite or sting can cause swelling, redness, and itching. Some animals can have an allergic reaction to a sting or bite that may
Bleeding: First Aid
Pets often suffer blood loss as a result of trauma or poisoning. Some bleeding is visible, and is a result of a cut or laceration, while internal bleeding occurs inside the body (such as in the chest
Breathing Problems: First Aid
Difficulty breathing is also called dyspnea and is a medical emergency. Respiratory distress is recognized by increased effort to breathe; noisy or squeaky breathing; and cyanosis (a bluish tinge to t
Burns: First Aid
A burn is any injury of tissue caused by heat, flame, chemicals, or electricity. Burn classification determines the severity of the wound based on the depth of the tissue injury. First-degree burns (f
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR): First Aid
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is the treatment required to save an animal's (or human's) life when suffering cardiopulmonary arrest. The intent of CPR is to provide sufficient blood flow and oxy
Choking: First Aid
Click here for more information on choking in dogs. Choking is interference with breathing caused by foreign material in, or compression on, the trachea (windpipe). Thankfully, true choking is a very
Dehydration: First Aid
Dehydration is the excessive loss of water from the body (typically through vomiting and/or diarrhea) or inappropriate intake of water into the body (decreased thirst). The most common mistake with a
Diarrhea and Vomiting: First Aid
Diarrhea is the frequent evacuation of watery stools. Vomiting is the forceful expulsion of stomach contents through the mouth. What to Do Remove all food and water. Check for signs of dehydration
Difficult Birth: First Aid
Puppies are born 58 to 72 days after mating. Because canine spermatozoa live 4 to 11 days in the bitch’s reproductive tract, it is usually not possible to accurately determine the day of birth from th
Drowning or Near Drowning: First Aid
Suffocation by drowning is caused by the lungs filling with water or other fluid. Some pets can seemingly recover from a near-drowning incident, only to succumb to a collection of fluid in the lungs (
Electrical Burns: First Aid
In order to avoid injury to yourself, it is imperative that you do not touch the pet until the electrical source has been turned off or moved. Electricity can flow through your pet and affect you as w
Fainting and Dizziness (Syncope): First Aid
Fainting is the sudden loss of consciousness or a sudden and marked weakness. It may be associated with numerous medical conditions and can be caused by anything from low blood sugar and neurological
Fever: First Aid
Do not give aspirin, ibuprofen, acetaminophen (Tylenol®), or other drugs as many of these are poisonous to pets. Fever is an elevated body temperature that occurs as a response to infection or inflamm
Fractures and Injuries: First Aid
A fracture refers to a break or crack in a bone. There are several different types of fractures, and each type has different complications and methods of repair. Your veterinarian can help you decide
Hyperthermia (Heat Stroke): First Aid
Hyperthermia may be a life-threatening condition and requires immediate treatment. Body temperature may be elevated because of an infection (fever), but it may also increase because of hot and/or humi
Hypothermia: First Aid
Hypothermia occurs when the body temperature goes below 98 ° F. The normal body temperature of dogs and cats is between 98 and 102.5 ° F . If the rectal temperature of a dog or cat is below 98 ° F, th
Impalement and Penetrating Injuries: First Aid
Impalement and penetrating injuries involve a foreign body stuck in an animal, usually in a body cavity like the abdomen or chest, or deep wounds where the skin is broken. Common examples in small ani
Introduction: First Aid
This first aid collection is an emergency preparedness ready-reference for dogs and cats. Wise preventive measures, intelligent use of first aid principles, coupled with recognition of abnormal sympto
Nosebleed: First Aid
A nosebleed (epistaxis) is bleeding or hemorrhage from the nose. It is important to stop a nose bleed, but is equally important to get to the bottom of why it’s happening. Stopping nose bleeds in pets
Paralysis: First Aid
Paralysis is the inability to voluntarily move a part or parts of the body. The paralyzed part (legs, neck, etc.) may be rigid or stiff or, more commonly, relaxed and flaccid. Severe pain can often ac
Physical Exam Checklist for Pets: First Aid
This information is intended as a general reference for the lay public and is not intended to replace the advice of a veterinarian. A veterinarian should be consulted before starting, stopping, or cha
Poisoning in Dogs and Cats
Poisoning is a condition that results from the ingestion, inhalation, absorption, injection, or application of a substance that causes structural damage or functional disturbance of body tissues. The
Preventing a Health and Safety Crisis: First Aid
Nutrition and Feeding Good nutrition is essential for a healthy pet. Nutrients in pet foods should provide what is needed for metabolic body processes and should help fight off disease. Proper feeding
Seizures and Convulsions: First Aid
A seizure is any sudden and uncontrolled movement of the animal's body caused by abnormal brain activity. Seizures may be very severe and affect all of the body, or quite mild, affecting only a portio
Shock: First Aid
Shock is a condition resulting from a depressed state of many vital body functions caused by a lack of effective circulation. A veterinary textbook on emergency medicine defines shock as "resulting fr
Snakebite: First Aid
What to Do Muzzle your pet to avoid being bitten – snakebites can be painful, and your pet may try to protect herself. Immobilize the part of the animal that has been bitten by the snake, if this
Straining to Eliminate: First Aid
Straining is a frequent and sometimes exaggerated effort to have a bowel movement or to urinate. It is often difficult to tell if the pet is having trouble urinating or defecating. Most owners think t
Sunburn: First Aid
Sunburn is damage to the tissues caused by exposure to the sun's rays and ultraviolet radiation. Animals are usually covered by hair, fur, or pigmented skin that protects them from the harmful rays of
Transporting an Injured Pet: First Aid
The first aid provider must not only identify and treat injury or illness, but must also safely transport the patient to the veterinary facility for further treatment. Improper technique when transpor
Wounds: First Aid
A wound is any break in the continuity of the tissues of the body, either external or internal. Injured pets can act in unusual and unpredictable ways. When dealing with an injured pet, remember to pr
Wrapping Up First Aid
A Final Note Many other types of emergencies can, and do, occur. If you have questions concerning symptoms your pet is exhibiting, seek advice from a veterinarian. Do not administer any prescription o
Adult
1-10 yearsGeneral health maintenance, disease prevention, and nutrition
Dental Disease in Cats: Symptoms, Causes, and Prevention
Periodontal disease is one of the most common health problems in cats, especially in adult and senior cats. While not an emergency, untreated dental disease can lead to serious health complications ov
Feline Lower Urinary Tract Disease (FLUTD): A Guide for Cat Owners
Feline Lower Urinary Tract Disease (FLUTD) is a group of conditions affecting the bladder and urethra of cats. It's a common health problem that can become life-threatening in certain cases, particula
Pyoderma in Cats
Pyoderma is a bacterial skin infection (bacterial dermatitis). Pyodermas in cats are usually caused by Staphylococcus bacteria ( Staphylococcal folliculitis). These bacteria usually will not cause dis
Skin Cultures in Dogs and Cats
A skin culture involves taking a sample from or of your pet's skin from an area that may concern your veterinarian. The sample is sent to a laboratory to grow bacteria. In cases where the infection-ca
Declawing Care and Alternatives in Cats
Scratching is normal behavior for cats. The procedure to declaw a cat (also known as "onychectomy") is not as simple as trimming a nail; it is actually amputating the tip of their toe to the first knu
Understanding Scratching Behavior in Cats
If your cat has ever sunk sharp claws into a favorite armchair or corner of the couch, you know how frustrating it can be. Cat caregivers often face this challenge and worry that their home will never
Veterinary Association Position Statements on Declawing in Cats
Declawing (onychectomy) cats is controversial and is opposed by most veterinary medical associations, which guide veterinarians to provide alternatives to declawing, unless it is done for medical nece
Tetralogy of Fallot in Dogs and Cats
Tetralogy of Fallot (ToF) is a rare heart condition that both dogs and cats can be born with. It is unique because it involves four structural heart abnormalities. The unusual name originates from the
Monoclonal Antibodies
What Are Antibodies? Antibodies, also known as immunoglobulins (Ig), are natural proteins that defend the body against foreign proteins, commonly referred to as antigens. There are five types of Ig, w
Using the Five Pillars to Design Feline-Friendly Exam Rooms
If you have a cat that gets nervous at the veterinarian’s office, you are not alone. Your cat leaves the safety of home and enters a world full of odd smells, new noises, and people they do not know.
Teaching Your Cat to Love Their Carrier
Teaching your cat to enter their carrier on their own is the first step in making veterinary visits less stressful. When a pet caregiver brings the carrier out from a closet or basement, the cat remem
Non-Cardiogenic Pulmonary Edema in Dogs and Cats
In a healthy pet, oxygen in the lungs travels from air sacs to the interstitium (the fluid-filled space between tissues or vessels) and into blood vessels. Red blood cells in the blood vessels transpo
Giving Subcutaneous Fluid Therapy to Your Cat with Low Stress Handling® Techniques
At some point in their lives, your cat may require supportive subcutaneous (SubQ) fluid therapy either at their veterinary clinic or in your own home. This treatment is often prescribed for dehydratio
Atypical Cushing's Disease in Dogs and Cats
Atypical Cushing’s, also called atypical hyperadrenocorticism, is a disorder that affects your pet’s endocrine system, which controls hormone levels in the body. Imagine the endocrine system as a deli
What is a Urinalysis Test?
A complete urinalysis (UA) analyzes your pet’s urine, as part of a complete health assessment. It is often done at the same time as blood tests ordered by your veterinarian. A complete UA consists of:
Teaching Your Cat To Use an Inhaler
Cats with asthma or other respiratory conditions may need to use inhaled medications administered with a spacer and mask. This method delivers the medication directly into the lungs and may have fewer
Signs of Pain in Pets
Even if your pet can’t speak to you to let you know how they feel, some signs can indicate that your pet may be feeling discomfort or pain. There can be many causes of pain in pets, so if you notice o
Anaphylactic Shock in Pets
When a human or pet comes into contact with a substance that their immune system perceives as harmful, the immune system labels it an allergen and produces antibodies to fight it. The resulting respon
Feline Enrichment: Meeting the Essential Needs of Cats
Enrichment can be defined as something added to your cat’s environment that encourages them to engage in normal, natural behaviors. For cats, normal and natural behaviors include but are not limited t
Building Better Lives for Our Pets: The Five Freedoms, Provisions, and Domains
Animal welfare has improved with three important frameworks that guide caring for your pet and other animals in different settings. Whether you are a caregiver, veterinary professional, shelter worker
House Soiling in Cats: Pooping Outside the Litter Box
House soiling in cats occurs when they urinate or defecate outside their litter box. Urination or defecation (pooping) outside the litter box falls into two categories: toileting and marking. Toiletin
Eclampsia in Dogs and Cats
What is Eclampsia? Like any new mom, your dog or cat must put in a lot of work to care for their babies. Mothers use a large amount of calcium to grow their puppies or kittens and to produce milk. Iro
Fractured Teeth in Dogs and Cats
Fractured teeth are a common dental problem seen in dogs and cats, especially when pets chew on things they are not supposed to. Tooth fractures are a result of trauma and can also result from fights
Tibial Tuberosity Advancement (TTA) Surgery for Cranial Cruciate Ligament Rupture
Tibial tuberosity advancement (TTA) is a surgical procedure that can be performed in animals to treat cranial cruciate ligament disease/rupture. What is the Cranial Cruciate Ligament? The cranial cruc
Preparing Pets for the Holidays
As the end of the year approaches, many people begin preparing for holiday celebrations with family and friends. The season often brings busy schedules, parties, and plenty of planning. When making ho
A Positive Reinforcement Approach to Counter-Surfing
Pets that constantly jump on tables or countertops can be a big problem for their caregivers. Whether your dog is grabbing food when your back is turned, or your cat is walking across the table with d
Atopic Dermatitis in Cats
You or someone you know may have allergies, but did you know your cat can too? Atopic dermatitis (atopy, allergic dermatitis, feline atopic skin syndrome, non-flea, and non-food hypersensitivity derma
The Importance of Play in Cats
All cats, no matter their age, benefit from consistent interactive play sessions with you. When you play tug or fetch with a dog, playtime is a social activity where you play together. However, for yo
Starting Your Kitten Off on the Right Paw by Enrolling in Kitty Kindergarten
One way to help a newly adopted kitten thrive and grow into a behaviorally healthy adult cat is to enroll them in a kitten class, often referred to as kitty kindergarten. In class, caregivers will lea
Choosing the Right Litterbox for Your Cat
Cats are low-maintenance and clean, making them appealing pets. Kittens instinctively know how to relieve themselves in soft materials and bury their waste, making it easy for them to learn to use a l
Training Your Pet To Cooperate With Ear And Eye Medications
Once your pet understands that their treatment station is a place where good things happen and they are comfortable communicating a desire to stay or a need to leave, it is time to start using the sta
Cannabis Toxicity in Pets
An Overview Cannabis generally refers to the products of the Cannabis sativa plant, commonly known as marijuana. The Cannabis sativa plant uniquely has over 100 different chemicals called phytocannabi
Low Stress Handling® for Cats in the ER
Emergency visits can be a difficult experience for cats. Many emergencies involve pain, and an urgent visit to address this pain can be stressful, leading to fears and anxieties that may result in a l
How To Set Up a Treatment Station for Your Pet
All pets will need grooming and veterinary care at some point in their lives. Setting up a predictable treatment station for your pet will help decrease stress. Choose an area that has good lighting,
Practical Dental Care Tips for Dogs and Cats
Introduction There are simple, down-to-earth steps to ensure your pet's dental health is within reach. Neglecting your pet's oral hygiene can lead to pain and health problems. Here are some easy-to-fo
Psychogenic Alopecia
Psychogenic alopecia, also known as self-trauma, is a condition in which cats compulsively pull out their hair, leading to thin, uneven coats or baldness. Overgrooming, licking, biting, chewing, and c
Introducing a New Cat Into the Home
Introducing a new cat to your home is a big deal, especially if you already have cats. It is like adding a new member to your family, and you want everyone to get along. So, here is how you can introd
How to Beat Confinement Woes in Dogs and Cats
If your pet has an upcoming surgery or is recovering from an injury or illness and the discharge instructions include exercise restriction and confinement, here are some ways to make this time as low
Flooding
Q: I volunteer at a shelter, and we use back scratchers to socialize fearful cats. I think this makes some of them more scared. Do I keep pushing it? A: Many cats in shelters are afraid. We should be
Kitten Biting Behavior
Kittens are adorable, tiny creatures who provide hours of entertainment. They nap in the strangest places, purr, cuddle, play, explore their surroundings, and develop bonds with those they live with.
Medical Management of Behavioral Conditions
Nearly all animal behavior cases benefit from a multi-modal approach consisting of medication, environmental management, and behavior modification. When treating behavioral conditions, your veterinari
Pilling Your Cat the Low Stress Handling® Way
Chances are, at some point in your cat’s life, they are going to need medications. Making sure your cat receives this medication can be challenging and stressful. Transdermal medications, which are ap
Feline Infectious Peritonitis
Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is a potentially deadly infection in cats caused by the FIP virus. The disease occurs most commonly in young cats, although it can infect older cats too. It affects
Cellulitis in Dogs and Cats
Cellulitis is a painful inflammation of the tissue under the skin. In animals, it is generally caused by a bacterial infection that has entered the skin from a cut, open wound, or broken skin from an
Medical Conditions and Behavior
Introduction The diagnosis of primary behavior problems such as anxiety, aggression, or eliminating outside the litterbox is often a diagnosis of exclusion. Because many behaviors result from underlyi
Traumatic Brain Injury in Dogs and Cats
If your pet has been involved in any event that may have caused head trauma, always see your veterinarian or an emergency practice for immediate attention . What Is a Traumatic Brain Injury? Traumatic
Spina Bifida in Dogs and Cats
Vertebrae and the Spinal Column In vertebrates, the delicate spinal cord (the part of the central nervous system connecting the brain to the rest of the body) is surrounded and protected by a bony tub
Hyperesthesia Syndrome in Cats
Feline hyperesthesia syndrome (FHS) is known by several names including “rolling skin disease”, “neurodermatitis”, neuritis, psychomotor epilepsy, and pruritic dermatitis. Hyperesthesia means “too muc
Cutaneous Vasculitis in Dogs and Cats
Vasculitis is an inflammatory process of the blood vessels (arteries, veins, or capillaries). Cutaneous means the skin is affected. When skin blood vessels are inflamed, this is called cutaneous vascu
Teaching Go To Mat for Cats
Teaching your cat to go to a mat is an easy behavior that supports exercise, enrichment, and engagement for you and your cat. The goal of this exercise is to teach your cat to run to their mat when gi
Solensia™ (Frunevetmab Injection): An Arthritis Medication Just for Cats
Relieving pain in cats is difficult because oftentimes, they do not tolerate common pain medications, including many NSAIDs; in fact, one ibuprofen (Advil®) or acetaminophen (Tylenol®) can make a cat
Feline Play and Play Aggression
Cats are social animals and enjoy interactions with the humans in their lives. While some cats are particular, others will play with any object, toy, or person. Some cats prefer social play with their
Ataxia in Dogs and Cats
When your pet is stumbling and staggering around, almost as though drunk, the condition is called ataxia. It is an inability to make normal, coordinated, voluntary movements but is not caused by muscl
How to Find a Good, Responsible Breeder
People seek out purebred dogs and cats for a number of reasons. Previous experience with the breed; predictability of temperament or health; use in hunting, agility, obedience, or other work are just
Brachial Plexus Avulsion in Dogs and Cats
Brachial Plexus avulsion or brachial plexus injury can occur when an animal suffers an injury involving the front limbs or shoulders. Caused by trauma such as an automobile accident, a bite or gunshot
When You Need Antibiotics for Your Pets, and When You Don’t
Antibiotics can be literal life savers for your pet when they have the kind of infection that responds to the medication. However, when given for something where they are not appropriate — such as a v
How Toxoplasmosis Affects Your Cat
What is Toxoplasmosis? Toxoplasmosis is the name of the clinical disease caused by the parasite Toxoplasma gondii . It is most often associated with cats but can infect all warm-blooded species includ
Polyuria/Polydipsia in Dogs and Cats
Polyuria and polydipsia are essentially flip sides of the same condition. With polyuria (PU) the body makes more urine than normal, which in turn causes a condition called polydipsia (PD), which means
Caring for Orphaned Kittens
So you’re the brand new parent to a litter of fuzzy, squeaky little kittens! Although nothing can replace the care from a feline mama, there are steps you can take to become an excellent foster parent
Cat Low Stress Handling® Blood Draw Visit: Moment of Truth
Many cats are afraid at the veterinary hospital which can make it difficult, if not impossible, to examine the cat and provide the best care possible. Changes in temperature, heart rate, respiratory r
How to Prepare Your Cat for a Low Stress Handling® Blood Draw Visit
Veterinary visits can be stressful for everyone, especially cats. Using the “less-is-more” approach, Low Stress Handling® Principles of Handling provides an opportunity for you to help your veterinari
Cat Body Language
One of the best things you can do to strengthen your relationship with your cat is to understand their body language. People communicate mainly in writing or speaking while cats use their body and sen
Paraphimosis and Phimosis in Dogs and Cats
Paraphimosis and phimosis in dogs are flip sides of the same coin: in the first, the dog’s extended penis cannot slide back into the sheath (prepuce) for an extended time; and in the second, the penis
Pemphigus Foliaceus in Dogs and Cats
What is Pemphigus Foliaceus? The immune system is the body’s defense against infection, keeping the body healthy. An autoimmune disease is the immune system attacking the body. Pemphigus foliaceus (PF
Traveling with Your Cat
At some point, you and your cat will need to travel. You may feel stressed by the idea, but with a bit of effort and planning, cats can learn to cope with the trip. Preparing your cat beforehand can m
Sterile Cystitis (Pandora Syndrome) in Cats
See article summary below. Also known as Feline Interstitial Cystitis, Feline Idiopathic Cystitis, FIC Cystitis is any kind of inflammation in the wall of the urinary bladder that causes clinical sign
What Is Cooperative Care in Veterinary Medicine?
Animal behavior is a crucial aspect of veterinary care. Whether your pet has pain or just “ain’t doing right,” the pet’s behavior, body language, and overall demeanor is part of obtaining a thorough a
Serotonin Syndrome in Dogs and Cats
Serotonin syndrome is a serious drug reaction to medications that build up high levels of serotonin in the body. A chemical that the body produces naturally, serotonin is needed for the brain and nerv
How to Make Veterinary Visits Less Stressful
Experiencing some fear during veterinary visits is a normal reaction for pets. It’s not fun to be examined by strangers and poked with needles. Pets do not understand why they are there or that the un
Manx Syndrome in Cats
Manx Syndrome in Cats Manx syndrome (sacrocaudal dysgenesis, sacrocaudal agenesis) is an array of problems involving the function of the hind legs, urinary bladder, and colon of a tailless cat. In aff
Desensitization and Counterconditioning to Nail Trimmers for Cats
How to help your cat get used to having their nails trimmed Start by putting the trimmers in a common area like your living room where your cat can choose to explore them at their pace. Putting trea
Fear-related Aggression in Cats
Fear in Cats Just like us, cats feel fear and their behavior changes in response to it. What makes one cat fearful or anxious may not make another one feel that way. We observe a cat’s body language t
Nail Trims for Adult Cats
Many cat owners never learned to trim their kitten’s nails and struggle with nail trims for their adult cat. To prevent scratches to people and furniture, as well as to decrease the potential of too l
Nail Trims in Kittens
Many owners struggle with trimming their cat’s nails. Nail trims, however, are important for your cat’s health and to prevent scratches of your furniture or people. Nails that become too long have the
Allergic Conjunctivitis in Dogs and Cats
Conjunctivitis is inflammation of the conjunctiva in the eye. The conjunctiva is a pinkish mucous-secreting membrane, similar to the lining of your mouth and nose, that covers the eyeball and lines th
Hydrometra, Mucometra, and Pyometra in Dogs and Cats
Uterine disease in dogs and cats is often influenced by the hormone progesterone, which prepares a female for pregnancy and also helps the mother maintain a pregnancy. However, sometimes things don’t
Bacterial Conjunctivitis in Cats
Conjunctivitis is inflammation of the conjunctiva, a tissue that makes up part of the eye and eyelid. In people, the conjunctiva is the white part. Conjunctivitis is common in cats and can be a result
Alternative Diets for Dogs and Cats
You’ve spoken with your veterinarian and are thinking about personally making your pet’s meals. There are about as many diet options for your pet as there are for you, so which one is best? Breed, age
What First Time Cat Owners Should Know
Perhaps you have never lived with an adult cat before and have decided to bring one into your home for the first time for one of many possible reasons: you adopted an adult because you prefer knowing
Training Your Cat to Use the Carrier
Since indoor cats rarely leave the house, they often become stressed or anxious when they are taken to the veterinary hospital once a year. Cats learn by association, so the sudden appearance of the c
Yeast Dough Dangers in Pets
If you bake yeast bread from scratch, it is essential that you keep all raw bread dough away from your pets. Ingesting it can cause serious problems and be life threatening for your pet. Doughs that d
Histoplasmosis in Dogs and Cats
Histoplasmosis is a fungal infection of animals and people, caused by Histoplasma capsulatum. The fungus lives in the environment, growing best in warm, moist organic matter that is rich in nitrogen.
Hepatic Encephalopathy in Dogs and Cats
Hepatic encephalopathy is a neurological condition that can occur in pets, more commonly in dogs, that already have liver disease. Neurological conditions affect the nervous system, which includes the
Hemangioma in Dogs and Cats
Hemangiomas are a type of tumor of the blood vessels or the skin. They are benign, but the related hemangiosarcomas are a malignant cancer that also target the blood vessels. They come from the same t
Hepatic Lipidosis in Cats
Hepatic lipidosis is a life-threatening liver disease that happens in cats and sometimes dogs. It is also called fatty liver disease or fatty liver syndrome, and it is the most common liver disease se
Behavior Supplements in Dogs and Cats
Many colleagues and pet owners ask about the use of supplements in the treatment of behavioral issues. There is limited documented evidence on the use of these supplements, but to address this demand
Weight Loss for Obese Cats
Obesity is a common disease in cats, affecting 43-65% of the patients seen in veterinary clinics across the United States. Just like in humans, excess fat is accumulated in cats due to an imbalance be
Using Medication to Lower Veterinary Visit Stress in Dogs and Cats
A pet’s mental health is as important as physical health, which is why it may not be possible for your pet’s veterinarian to complete an examination or treatments when you bring your pet in. If your p
Cats and High Places: Keeping Them off Counters and Tables
Last week, I had an inquiry from a recent shelter cat adopter. This new adopter wanted to know how she could keep her new cat, Chowder, off countertops and the table. It seems whenever they prepare fo
Vaccine Titers for Pets
Your pet receives vaccines on a set schedule to protect them from illness. Vaccines tell the body to make immune cells and antibodies, which work to prevent or reduce the severity of specific diseases
Traveling with Pets
Whether you are planning a move or traveling for leisure, taking your pet along with you can be stressful for both of you. General Travel Tips: Visit the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) websit
Wound Care for Pets
Injuries to our pets can come from unexpected sources just as often as those we worry about. When a wound occurs, healing has many paths that your veterinarian can take, but only one for you: get your
Renal Anemia, or Inadequate Red Blood Cells, in Dogs and Cats
Red blood cells are basically little microscopic bags of hemoglobin. Before getting into what hemoglobin is about, it is important to grasp the simplicity of the red blood cell. It has no nucleus and
Car Ride Anxiety in Dogs and Cats
Many people love to take their dog on errands and fun adventures in the car. Some even take their cats. Some dogs and cats become anxious in the car with others refusing to enter the car at all. What
Mushroom Poisoning in Dogs and Cats
While the mushrooms in the grocery store are safe to eat and help make delicious meals, other types of mushrooms such as the wild ones along hiking trails or even in our own backyards are a completely
Human Directed Aggression in Cats
If you have ever had your cat snuggle up to you on the couch then nip at your hand when you try to pet them, you are not alone. This is just one scenario in which some cats have shown aggression to th
Mealtime Enrichment for Cats
Cats retain many behaviors of their wild ancestors. As predators, they have strength, agility, speed, and keen senses to catch prey effectively. Owners can help their feline friends express these natu
Physaloptera (Stomach Worm) in Dogs and Cats
Worms are parasites that live inside your pet’s body and steal nutrients away from them. They do so by either directly eating your pet’s tissue or feeding from their blood vessels. Different worms can
Gallstones in Dogs and Cats
Background The liver makes bile to help digest food and break down fats. Connected to the liver is the gallbladder, which is a sac-like organ that stores the bile and releases it into the intestines t
Fear of Noises in Dogs and Cats
Animals may develop a fear response to any noise: fireworks, thunder, gunshots, cars backfiring, lawnmowers, hair dryers, smoke detectors, garbage trucks, etc. This fear response may result in mild to
De-Skunking Your Dog or Cat
Skunk Funk If your little punk Has been skunked Have no fear, Read here my dear A recipe you will need His funk to cede By Valerie Brons, BVetM Getting sprayed by a skunk happens to curious dogs who s
Lung Cancer in Dogs and Cats
Lung cancer (also called pulmonary neoplasia) is caused by tumors or masses made up of cancer cells within the lungs. Some tumors are benign, meaning that they do not invade and damage the surrounding
Feline House Soiling
Elimination disorders are one of the most frustrating behaviors that cat owners encounter and a leading reason for cats to be surrendered to shelters or euthanized. Although elimination is a normal co
Cutaneous Lymphoma in Cats
Lymphoma is common in cats, but is seen in so many ways and different places that it is confusing. It can be seen in almost any organ. When it affects the skin, it is called cutaneous lymphoma. Lympho
Diaphragmatic Hernias in Dogs and Cats
The diaphragm is a thin muscle that separates the organs in the chest (heart, lungs) from the organs in the abdomen. It is also involved in breathing: when the diaphragm contracts, it helps pull air i
Causes of Blindness in Dogs and Cats
Owners may notice their pet is disoriented, bumping into objects and struggling to find food and toys. These all may be signs of blindness. There are many potential causes of blindness in dogs and cat
Cognitive Dysfunction Syndrome in Dogs
What is Cognitive Dysfunction Syndrome? Cognitive dysfunction syndrome (CDS) is essentially the dog equivalent of Alzheimer’s disease. With CDS, a dog’s brain gradually degenerates, leading to abnorma
Rectal Prolapse in Dogs and Cats
Rectal prolapse occurs when the rectum, which is the last part of the intestines, gets turned inside out (everted) and sticks out of the anus. It looks like a red or pink tubular structure sticking ou
Seizure Disorders in Cats
Watching your cat have a seizure is difficult. It is often a confusing and scary time for both you and your cat. This difficulty is especially true if you don’t know your cat is having a seizure and e
Malassezia Otitis in Dogs and Cats
What is Malassezia otitis? Malassezia spp. are a common secondary cause of otitis or inflammation of the ear canal. It is a yeast that normally lives in the ears of cats and dogs but overgrows when th
Triaditis in Cats
Triaditis is a condition in cats that involves three separate diseases: pancreatitis , cholangitis/cholangiohepatitis , and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Veterinary scientists are not sure why thi
MRSA vs. MRSP in Dogs & Cats
MRSA MRSA is the abbreviation for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus . Staphylococcus aureus is a type of bacteria primarily found in people and may also be called S taph aureus , S. aureus ,
Cholangitis and Cholangiohepatitis in Cats
Diseases associated with the liver, gallbladder, and/or bile duct system can be confusing for pet owners because these diseases can have really vague symptoms. It’s not always clear why they happen, a
Aspergillosis in Cats
Aspergillosis is an infection in cats caused by Aspergillus organisms , which are a type of fungus found throughout the world. Infections in cats are rare and most commonly seen in cats that have a po
Multiple Myeloma in Dogs and Cats
Multiple myeloma is a cancer of plasma cells, which develop from a type of white blood cell called a B cell. Plasma cells produce antibodies, which are used by the body to fight infections. In patient
COVID-19 in a Tiger
This one’s bound to attract a lot of attention, and that can be both good and bad. A tiger at New York’s Bronx Zoo has tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 . The tiger was sick (cough, decreased appetite) a
Salivary Mucocele in Dogs and Cats
A salivary mucocele, also known as a salivary gland mucocele or sialocele , is a swollen area associated with saliva (spit) leaking from a salivary gland into surrounding tissues. It can be caused by
Toxic Disinfectants: What to Use and What Not to Use Around Your Pets
Many household cleaners are safe to use around your pets, especially if the product is allowed to dry or your pet is only exposed to small amounts. But some can be hazardous to a dog's or cat’s health
Haws Syndrome in Cats
Haws syndrome is an elevation of the third eyelid in both eyes. The third eyelid, or nictitating membrane, is a transparent eyelid some animals have that moistens and covers the eye for protection. In
What to Expect From Your Pet’s Echocardiogram
What is an echocardiogram? An echocardiogram, also known as an echo or cardiac ultrasound, is a diagnostic tool that looks closely at the heart as well as inside and around it. An echo uses high-frequ
Anaplasmosis in Dogs and Cats Is Tick-Borne
Anaplasmosis is a disease affecting dogs (and rarely cats) caused by Anaplasma phagocytophilum. This infectious organism is an unusual type of bacteria known as a rickettsial agent/bacterium. A tick b
Bladder Stones in Dogs and Cats
Bladder stones are solid mineral deposits that form inside the bladder of dogs and cats and are quite common. Stones start out as crystals that form in the urine. Crystals form when a combination of e
Feline Acne
Feline acne is a skin condition of cats that is seen mostly around the chin and lip margins. Hair follicles on the chin become clogged (also known as comedones ). Severely blocked follicles can develo
Cleft Palate or Lip in Puppies and Kittens
Congenital clefts in the palate or lip are birth defects that puppies and kittens can get in the tissues connecting parts of the mouth. Human babies also get them. These cleft defects happen when the
Tritrichomoniasis in Cats
Tritrichomoniasis is a major cause of diarrhea in cats and is caused by Tritrichomonas blagburni. The disease is seen most commonly in young cats and kittens. T. blagburni is a type of protozoa, which
Treating your Yard for Fleas and Ticks
If fleas and ticks have been a problem for you, there are three areas you have to treat to be successful in treating fleas. One is treating your pets with an effective product; two is your house with
Omega-3 Fatty Acids for Our Pets
Did you know that skin diseases account for as much as 25% of the cases seen by small animal veterinarians? Skin problems typically faced by pets and their owners include: Itching Dandruff Black
Getting your Cat into a Carrier You are being redirected to updated information on this topic
Cats give new meaning to the experience of going somewhere with pets. The vast majority dislike any change that is not initiated by them, so for most cats, the only time they get into the car is to go
Flash Glucose Monitoring with FreeStyle Libre in Cats and Dogs
The flash glucose monitoring system (also called continuous glucose monitoring or CGM) is a faster, easier, and less painful way for you to monitor your diabetic pet’s glucose levels at home. There ar
Uveitis in Dogs and Cats
Uveitis is an inflammation of the dark tissues (uvea) of the eye. The uvea includes the iris, the ciliary body behind the iris, and the choroid in the back of the eye behind the retina. Uveitis can be
Territorial Marking in Cats
What is Territorial Marking? Territorial marking, also known as urine marking or spraying in cats, is the act of purposefully urinating in an area as a way of communicating. This behavior is normal in
Diets and Heart Disease in Dogs and Cats
Can pet diets cause heart problems? Yes. Thirty years ago, veterinarians recognized deficiency of an amino acid (taurine) as the most common cause of dilated cardiomyopathy in cats. Cats are unable to
Puppies and Kittens Who Bite
Bringing home a new puppy or kitten can be a fun and exciting experience. However, the learning and development process for puppies and kittens can be challenging. Biting is a common issue for young p
Lymphoma in the Skin of Dogs
(also known as cutaneous T cell lymphoma and cutaneous epitheliotropic lymphoma) Lymphoma can arise in any organ that contains lymph tissue (which turns out to be just about anywhere in the body). Whi
Importance of Socializing Puppies and Kittens
What is Socialization? The word socialization is a bit misleading when taken literally. Socialization sounds like teaching a puppy or kitten how to socialize with other puppies or kittens. While these
Antibiotic Use in Pets
Antibiotics are used to treat bacterial infections. They kill invading bacteria without killing the surrounding cells. Antibiotics are made both from living organisms such as fungi, molds, and certain
Arthritis in Dogs and Cats: What Can be Done?
Arthritis, also known as osteoarthritis or degenerative joint disease (DJD), is a degenerative, progressive, and irreversible condition of the joints. It is characterized by the progressive loss of jo
Introducing the New Baby to Your Cat
Bringing home a new baby often requires a good bit of preparation within the household. One aspect of this is figuring out how to introduce your cat to your new baby and transitioning him to all the n
AAFCO Pet Food Labeling
Pet food marketing can get confusing. The labeling does not provide detailed nutritional information and it’s easily misunderstood by consumers. Try as you might, sometimes reading the label doesn’t g
Nutrition for Your Cat
Unlike dogs and people, which are omnivores and gain nutrition from both plants and meat, cats are obligate carnivores. This means that they get most of their nutrients from animal products. One scien
Rat Poison (Bromethalin-Based) in Dogs and Cats
The War Against Rodents Rodent control has been paramount in human civilization for centuries if not millennia. Wild rodents consume our crops, destroy our fabric and paper products, bring disease, an
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy in Cats
What is Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HCM)? HCM is a disease of the heart muscle that results, in most cases, in an abnormal thickening of the muscle walls (Figure 1). This results in altered contracti
Spondylosis Deformans in Dogs and Cats
Spondylosis deformans is a noninflammatory, degenerative condition of the spinal column characterized by the production of bone spurs along the bottom, sides, and upper aspects of the vertebrae. These
Safe and Toxic Garden Plant Images
The flowers and plants listed here are typically the most common ones used in gardening. See more at the ASPCA 's Animal Poison Control Center. Jump to section: Poisonous plants that can potentially
Portal Vein Hypoplasia in Dogs and Cats
Veins are part of the body’s circulatory system. The hepatic portal system consists of the numerous veins that drain blood away from digestive organs and deliver it to the liver. Small veins merge int
Patent Ductus Arteriosus in Dogs and Cats
Patent ductus arteriosus, often called PDA, is one of the most common congenital heart defects in dogs. In adult mammals, the heart is one organ but has two separate sides that are not supposed to con
Congestive Heart Failure in Dogs and Cats
What is Congestive Heart Failure? Congestive heart failure (CHF) is the clinical syndrome of fluid retention due to severe heart disease. In dogs and cats, the fluid is retained in specific parts of t
Infiltrative Bowel Disease in Cats
See article summary below. What Does This Mean? The small intestinal tract is a remarkable organ. It has to neutralize acid from the stomach, apply digestive enzymes and emollients, absorb and conduct
Microchipping Could Save your Pet's Life
A microchip ID is a small transmitter about the size of a grain of rice. When a scanner passes over it, a signal is emitted indicating the unique identification number of the chip. This tiny but sturd
Fleas: Know your Enemy
Although there are over 2000 flea species in the world, pet owners should be concerned with only one: Ctenocephalides felis , the cat flea. This is the flea that we find on our pets (cats, dogs, rabbi
Topical Therapy for Skin Conditions in Dogs and Cats
Applying shampoos, rinses, ointments or wipes to your pet’s skin can be important when managing your pet’s skin condition. Topical therapies can wash pollens off the coat, moisturize the skin, exfolia
Tick Paralysis in Pets
What is Tick Paralysis? Tick paralysis (also known as tick bite paralysis, or tick toxicosis) is caused by neurotoxins secreted in saliva by certain species of female ticks. Neurotoxins are chemicals
Common Lymphoma Chemotherapy Medications for Cats and Dogs
Additional Resources Lymphoma Lymphoma in Cats Lymphoma in Dogs Lymphoma Treatment Includes Nutritional Therapy for Dogs and Cats The word chemotherapy conjures up images of unpleasant toxic
Ringworm Environmental Decontamination: How to Clean Your Home When Your Pet Has Ringworm
Ringworm Environmental Decontamination: How to Clean Your Home When Your Pet Has Ringworm Dermatophytosis, commonly called ringworm , is a fungal infection of the fur and skin of dogs and cats. When y
Dust Mites: Minimizing Exposure in Dogs and Cats
House dust mites ( Dermatophagoides farinae, Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus ) are bugs that are in every home, and some pets are allergic to them. Because these mites are very small, they cannot be se
Sleeping and Resting Respiratory Rates of Dogs and Cats with Heart Disease
Many heart diseases, when severe enough, result in congestive heart failure (CHF). When the left side of the heart is diseased, this presents as a build-up of fluid in the lungs, causing breathing dif
Diskospondylitis (Intervertebral Disk Infection) in Dogs and Cats
Diskospondylitis is a bacterial or fungal infection of the disks between the vertebrae (intervertebral disks). This infection can occur in any area of the spinal column, and it can occur at multiple s
Cancer is a Cellular Delinquent
Like people, our pets’ bodies develop cancer cells throughout their lifetime. In the lucky ones, these cells remain dormant and no malignancy ever grows; in others, the cells go mad systematically. Th
Reproductive Cycle of Cats May Surprise You
(Editor's note: Not all veterinarians agree that spaying cats at this age decreases the cat population. Talk to your veterinarian about your pet.) There is a thoughtful new movement designed to get to
Blocked Cats are an Emergency
When something happens to stem the flow of a cat's urine, trouble ensues - and fast. Urine has lots of good things in it. In many cases, they are substances that cats or people can’t live without, suc
Giving Oral Medications to Dogs and Cats
To heal, ill pets who are prescribed medication by their veterinarians really need to take those medications, even when the pet is resistant to taking pills - especially cats. Compliance with your vet
Halloween is a Scary Night for Pets
Halloween may be a barrel of laughs for people who love to dress up in costumes and party, but most pets aren't quite as fond of the holiday as people are. The doorbell rings far too often and is usua
Adverse Reactions to Spot-on Flea and Tick Products
Spot-on flea and tick products for dogs and cats have greatly improved the safety and convenience of controlling external parasites on our pets. Using pesticides that are many degrees less toxic and f
Rhinitis in Dogs and Cats
Rhinitis is inflammation of the mucous membranes in the nose. If the lining of the sinuses is inflamed, that is called sinusitis. If both the nose and sinuses are affected, it is rhino-sinusitis. Rhin
Anaplasmosis
Anaplasmosis is a tick-borne disease, and two forms of anaplasmosis are known: granulocytic anaplasmosis and infectious cyclic thrombocytopenia. Granulocytic anaplasmosis is more common, and a dog can
Hairballs (Trichobezoars) In Cats
"He's throwing up hairballs all the time. I'm tired of stepping on slimy hair." To the client, the problem may be simple. But to the veterinarian, it's much more complicated. When cats groom themselve
Electronic Cigarettes are Toxic to Pets
Electronic cigarettes, often called e-cigs, are marketed as an alternative to cigarette smoking. They are also referred to as personal vaporizers or electronic nicotine delivery systems. These devices
Clostridium difficile Becoming more Common in North America
What Is Clostridium difficile? Clostridium difficile is a species of bacteria that can be found in the intestinal tract of humans and many animal species, including pets, farm animals, and wildlife.
People Foods to Avoid Feeding Your Pets
Chocolate, Macadamia nuts, avocados…these foods may sound delicious to you, but they’re actually quite dangerous for our animal companions. Our nutrition experts have put together a handy list of the
Glaucoma in Dogs and Cats
Glaucoma is an eye disease where by the pressure within the eye becomes elevated. It can cause significant pain and lead to blindness. Dogs and cats with primary glaucoma are believed to have an anato
Linear Foreign Bodies in Dogs and Cats
Pets have the unfortunate tendency to eat things they shouldn't, and we aren't talking about food. Toys, socks, rocks and other materials find their way into pet stomachs but when the foreign body is
Wound Healing in Dogs and Cats
One thing is certain about life: we can all expect to experience some wounds. The good news is that we are fundamentally designed to heal. While the statement above has philosophical implications, we
Ovarian Remnant Syndrome in Dogs and Cats
Whether the patient is a dog or a cat, ovarian remnant syndrome is suspected when a spayed female pet appears to be coming into heat, something that should be impossible after spaying. A spayed female
Neuropathic Pain in Dogs and Cats
Neuropathic pain is an abnormal painful response. It is caused by injury to or disease of the nerves, spinal cord or parts of the brain that are involved in receiving, conducting and interpreting pain
Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA) in Dogs
Progressive retinal atrophy, or PRA, describes a group of inherited degenerative disorders of the retina that occur commonly in dogs and rarely in cats. The retina is like the film in a camera. It con
Pet Treats...What to Look Out For
Pet treats are widely used, and for good reason. Treats can be useful training tools, and pets typically like treats (and owners like to make their pets happy). But even something as simple as feeding
Feline Aortic Thromboembolism (FATE or Saddle Thrombus)
(Also called saddle thrombus) One tends to feel apprehensive about a condition with the acronym FATE, and rightly so. FATE (feline aortic thromboembolism) is a dramatic and painful condition with seri
Dietary Therapy for Hyperthyroidism in Cats
Additional Resources Hyperthyroidism Treatment Options in Cats and Dogs Hyperthyroidism Medication for Cats Signs, Symptoms, and Diagnosis of Hyperthyroidism in Cats Surgical Treatment for Fel
Ibuprofen Toxicity in Dogs and Cats
DO NOT GIVE IBUPROFEN TO DOGS OR CATS. IT IS UNSAFE TO DO SO. Ibuprofen has been available as a human pain reliever in the United States since 1974. In 1984, tablets up to 200 mg became over-the-count
Expandable Foaming Glues like Gorilla Glue Cause Obstructions in Pets
If swallowed in liquid form, some polyurethane-based glue products can create a life-threatening stomach blockage because they expand and harden once in the stomach. Glues that contain diphenylmethane
Lipomas in Dogs and Cats
Finding a lump under a beloved pet's skin is a disturbing event and definitely warrants a trip to the veterinarian's office for an evaluation. Generally speaking, tumors are classified as benign which
Bladder Stones (Struvite) in Cats
What is Struvite? Struvite is a urinary mineral composed of ammonium, phosphate, and magnesium. These three substances are common in urine and if they exist in high enough concentrations, they will bi
Breast Cancer Happens in Companion Animals
Print an 8.5"x11" pdf of this poster. Everyone reading this is a mammal (unless you are a particularly sentient anemone, coelacanth or axolotl), and one of the things that pegs us as mammals and unite
Pulmonary Hypertension in Dogs and Cats
What is Pulmonary Hypertension? Pulmonary (lung) hypertension (PHT) is high blood pressure in the arteries and pulmonary veins leading in and out of your pet's lungs. If the high blood pressure become
PTSD Can Occur in Companion Animals after Disasters
Dogs and cats who survive disasters can suffer from post-traumatic stress disorder in the same way as their owners and for the same reasons: being placed in an environment that is unpredictable and th
Insulinoma in Dogs and Cats
The pancreas is a small, light pink glandular organ nestled under the stomach and alongside the duodenum (upper small intestine). The endocrine pancreas is the part of the pancreas that secretes hormo
Pythiosis (Oomycosis, Lagenidiosis, Swamp Cancer, Bursatti, Leeches) in Dogs, Cats and Horses
Pythiosis is caused by a fungal-like aquatic organism called Pythium insidiosum . This organism is not a true fungus, but behaves somewhat similarly. It exists in stagnant water, or on grasses that ha
Hot Spots (Pyotraumatic Dermatitis) in Dogs and Cats
What are Hot Spots? When the weather gets warm, we start seeing more dogs with hot spots. These wounds are weepy, wet, red, and sometimes bloody when they are fresh, and they are dry and scabby when t
Umbilical Hernias in Puppies and Kittens
An umbilical hernia is a condition in which abdominal contents (fat, intestines, etc.) protrude past the abdominal wall at the location where the umbilical cord was attached to the fetus. Congenital u
Obesity is Unhealthy in Dogs and Cats
Obesity has become an extremely important health problem in the Western world, not just for humans but for dogs and cats as well. Obesity in pets is associated with joint problems, diabetes mellitus ,
Diabetic Cat Diet
Additional Resources Diabetes Mellitus: Introduction Cataracts in Diabetic Dogs Diabetic Ketoacidosis in Dogs and Cats Diabetic Dog Diet Glargine (Lantus) and Detemir (Levemir) Insulin Ins
Diabetic Ketoacidosis in Dogs and Cats
Additional Resources Diabetes Mellitus: Introduction Cataracts in Diabetic Dogs Diabetic Cat Diet Diabetic Dog Diet Glargine (Lantus) and Detemir (Levemir) Insulin Insulin Administration i
Monitoring Glucose Regulation in Dogs and Cats
Monitoring is crucial to determining your pet’s proper insulin dose. Much monitoring can be done at home, and it is possible to save a great deal of money by doing so; however, some tests simply must
Canned Food Transition for Cats Addicted to Dry Food
(The information contained in this handout is an excerpt from Feeding Your Cat: Know the Basics of Feline Nutrition, which can be found at the author's website, catinfo.org .) Cats, like children, oft
Cerebellar Hypoplasia Cats Are Clumsy from Birth
Also known as Spastic Cat Syndrome and Wobbly Cat Syndrome The cat with cerebellar hypoplasia is abnormal from infancy, though it may not be clear that something is wrong until the kittens reach an ag
Lithotripsy in Dogs and Cats
Lithotripsy is a funny word for a minimally invasive alternative to urinary stone removal surgery. "Lith" means stone and "tripsis" means crushing so, in short, lithotripsy refers to breaking stones i
MRSA: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Dogs and Cats
Staphylococcus aureus, often called Staph aureus or S. aureus, is a bacterium that is normally carried in the nose of about 30% of the general human population. While dogs and cats do not commonly car
Ectopic Ureters in Dogs
If you are reading this information, the chances are that you have a puppy (probably female) with urinary incontinence and you have been told that she may have ectopic ureters. Most likely, your puppy
Liver Tumors and Cancers in Dogs and Cats
Confirming a liver tumor requires a medical diagnostic journey starting with a sick pet or perhaps an abnormal lab test. From these beginnings, the journey proceeds through further blood tests and, ul
Malignant Melanoma in Dogs and Cats
Most people have heard of malignant melanoma and know it is a serious skin cancer. The cells involved are the melanocytes, the skin cells that produce the pigment known as melanin. In humans, malignan
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC) in Dogs and Cats
Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) is an extreme complication of numerous already life-threatening conditions leading to the deregulation of the body’s natural mechanisms of blood clotting a
Pacemakers in Dogs and Cats
Just like people, some pets need a pacemaker to keep their hearts ticking. This article provides general information about why a pet might require a pacemaker, and how pacemakers are implanted. Why Wo
Flea and Tick Control Products for Dogs and Cats
This flea and tick control chart created by veterinary dermatology and toxicology specialists provides an easy comparison of the active ingredients, appropriate species and age, dosage and method of a
Tritrichomonas Infection Causes Diarrhea in Cats
(Try-tricko-monas) Kittens and cats living in groups have an assortment of infectious diseases to contend with upper respiratory infections , coronavirus, and coccidia , to name a few. Tritrichomonas
Pulmonic Stenosis in Dogs and Cats
Pulmonic stenosis, affectionately known as PS, is the third most common congenital heart disease in dogs. It can be accompanied by additional heart defects to create a constellation of disaster or it
Senior Cats' Health Issues
A cat's health changes with age. Physical and mental changes occur, just as they do with people. Most older cats sleep more than they did when young, and they usually sleep more deeply. They may not b
Lice in Dogs and Cats
Lice are an uncommon parasite in dogs and cats in the U.S. Lice infestations can occur in animals in any environment, but they're more common in animals that live in crowded conditions, in animals tha
Neonatal Isoerythrolysis in Kittens
Imagine this tragic scenario. A mother cat carries her litter normally and gives birth to a healthy litter of kittens. She cleans them, nurses them, cares for them but within a few days they have all
Breed-Related Dermatoses in Dogs and Cats
Breeds and Associated Skin Diseases of Cats and Dogs Cats Abyssinian Psychogenic alopecia and dermatitis Follicular dysplasia (hair shaft disorder of Abyssinians) Devon Rex Familial hypotrichosis Hima
Cryptorchidism (Retained Testicles) in Dogs and Cats
Cryptorchidism is a condition in which a male’s testicles have not descended (dropped) into the scrotum. At birth, a male puppy’s or kitten’s testicles are located near the inguinal ring. By 8 weeks o
Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Cats
Squamous cell carcinoma is not only the most common oral malignancy in cats, it has one of the poorest outcomes. In most cases, the goal is to minimize infection and pain until the tumor has advanced
Cytauxzoonosis in Cats
Cytauxzoon felis infection is highly seasonal and takes place in spring and early summer when the tick population is active. What is Cytauxzoon felis ? Cytauxzoon (pronounced “sight-oz-o-un”) organism
Hot Spots in Dogs and Cats
A hot spot is a superficial skin infection that results when the normal skin bacteria overrun the skin’s defenses as a result of damage to the skin surface. This is most often started by the dog chewi
Entropion in Dogs and Cats
Entropion is an uncomfortable or painful condition in which the eyelids roll inward, allowing the eyelashes (or other hair) to rub against the cornea and irritate it. The upper and/or lower eyelids ca
Myeloma-Related Disorders in Cats
What are Myeloma-related Disorders? Myeloma is a type of cancer that affects plasma cells. Plasma cells are specialized lymphocytes, i.e. they are part of the white blood cell group and are key compon
Malignant Thyroid Tumors in Dogs and Cats
Meet the Thyroid Glands The two thyroid glands are located in the throat, nestled just behind the larynx on either side of the windpipe. These glands are responsible for making and storing thyroid hor
Hyperlipidemia in Dogs and Cats
Hyperlipidemia is a general term for disorders in which too many fat molecules (called lipids) circulate in the blood. The two most important lipids in pets are cholesterol and triglycerides. Lipids a
Nasal Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Cats
Squamous cell carcinomas are tumors that are locally destructive and can spread aggressively in the area where they have arisen. That said, there are some circumstances where it is possible to either
Calcium Phosphorus Balance in Dogs and Cats
Additional Resources Kidney Failure in Dogs and Cats: Where to Begin Fluid Therapy in Pets Renal Failure Dietary Therapy Kidney Dialysis: Is it for your Pet? Kidney Transplants for Cats and
Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Dogs and Cats
When squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) occurs in the mouth and throat, it’s called oral squamous cell carcinoma. In these oral cases, the lesion is usually located on the gums or tonsils. Squamous cell ca
Itching and Allergy in Cats
Coping with an itchy cat can be an extremely frustrating experience for you, the pet owner, and can truly test the limits of the human-animal bond. Persistent scratching and chewing can also result in
Iris Coloboma in Dogs and Cats
The iris is the part of the eye that’s colored. In dogs, the iris is usually brown or blue. In cats, it can be brown, blue, green, and gold (yellow). The pupil, which is the black hole in the center o
Fur Mowing in Cats
What is fur-mowing? In short, the cat is licking off all his hair. Often the belly is nearly as bald as if it were shaved. Sometimes a Mohawk of normal fur makes a stripe down the back, surrounded by
Hemivertebrae are Congenitally Deformed Vertebra in Dogs and Cats
(Also called Butterfly Vertebrae) Backbones, more technically called vertebrae, make up the vertebral column and consist of small block-like bones joined by spongy discs. They support the skeleton and
Nasal Pharyngeal Polyps in Cats
Naso-pharyngeal polyps (nasopharyngeal polyps, otopharyngeal polyps, inflammatory polyps, middle ear polyps) are the most common masses that are seen in the external ear canal in cats. They are benign
Amputation is Preferable to Continued Pain
Dear Friend: I've decided to sit down and put pen to paper on behalf of your veterinarian and indeed, all veterinarians in small animal practice. If you've found your way to this article, it's very li
Portosystemic Shunt in Dogs and Cats
A portosystemic shunt (PSS, portasystemic shunt, portocaval shunt, portacaval shunt, liver shunt, hepatic shunt, or porto-systemic vascular anomaly) happens when a pet’s venous blood from the stomach,
Atrial Fibrillation in Dogs and Cats
What Makes a Normal Heart Beat? The heart is a large muscle with four chambers. There are two top chambers (left and right) called the atria and two bottom chambers (left and right) called the ventric
Pneumothorax in Dogs and Cats
Pneumothorax is a collection of air or gas in the space surrounding the lungs. The extra air doesn’t allow the lungs to inflate normally, so dogs and cats with pneumothorax can have difficulty breathi
Anorexia, or Lack of Appetite, in Dogs and Cats
Appetite loss and appetite reduction are important factors in illness assessment, and they must be recognized and reported as soon as possible. Acceptance of favorite foods often determines if a pet s
Dilated Cardiomyopathy in Dogs and Cats
Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is one of the more common acquired heart diseases in dogs. DCM is a primary disease of the heart muscle (cardio = heart; myo = muscle; pathy = disease) in which the myocar
Fractures in Dogs and Cats
If this article has caught your attention, it may be that your pet has had the misfortune of suffering a fractured bone. This is a traumatic experience for both you and your pet, and there are a few t
Heart Murmurs in Dogs and Cats
My Pet Has a Heart Murmur – What Does This Mean? A heart murmur is one of several types of abnormal sounds your veterinarian can hear when listening to your pet’s heart with a stethoscope. Normally, t
Urinary Tract (Bladder) Infection in Dogs and Cats
The urinary tract infection is one of the most common ailments in small animal practice, yet many pet owners are confused about the medical approach. Some common questions are: Are bladder infection
Flea Control for Allergic Dogs and Cats
For some pets, fleas are just an annoyance. However, for pets with allergies, fleas are a serious problem. In addition to causing severe itching, fleas can also cause other problems such as skin infec
Mammary Tumors in Cats
With approximately one woman in eight or nine falling victim to this form of cancer, there are awareness campaigns from numerous healthcare agencies, and research is ongoing. Every woman is encouraged
Immunotherapy for Allergies in Cats, Dogs, and Horses
Allergen Immunotherapy (AIT), or Allergen Specific Immunotherapy (ASIT) Allergen-specific immunotherapy (ASIT), commonly referred to as allergy shots, are the most effective way to address airborne al
Cardiomyopathy in Cats
Cardiomyopathy means heart ( cardio ) muscle ( myo ) disease ( pathy ). Cardiomyopathies in cats fall broadly into five categories: Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM; the most common heart disease in
Chylothorax is more Common in Cats than Dogs
First, the Basics Let us consider the chest cavity for a moment. The chest can also be called the thorax and the chest cavity is sometimes called the thoracic cavity. The thorax houses the lungs and h
Cuterebriasis is a Parasite Causing Skin Infections in Dogs and Cats
Cuterebriasis is caused by a fly called Cuterebra . The parasite infests small mammals that spend time outdoors, such as dogs, cats, rabbits, ferrets, squirrels, and rodents. Cuterebra are large non-f
Giardia in Pets
See the article summary below . What is Giardia? Giardia are single-celled organisms, infectious to many types of animals ( including humans ) all over the world. As you can see in the above image, Gi
Clinical Signs of Oral or Dental Disease in Pets
Bad breath (halitosis) Broken tooth/teeth Excessive drooling Reluctance to eat, especially dry food, or to play with chew toys Chewing with or favoring one side of the mouth Pawing at or r
Sunscreen for Pets
Sunscreen, or sunblock, can be used on cats and dogs. Pets with light skin and a short or thin hair coat are particularly prone to sunburn, skin cancer, and other solar-induced skin diseases (solar de
Vascular Accidents (Strokes) in the Brains of Dogs and Cats
Most of us have some idea of what happens when someone has a stroke: they are going along normally, and then suddenly, a group of nerves does not work. This might involve an inability to move certain
Hydrocephalus (Water on the Brain) in Dogs and Cats
In hydrocephalus, there is too much fluid, either because of a drainage problem or an over-production problem. The brain and spinal cord are bathed in cerebrospinal fluid, the fluid that is tapped and
Ticks Are Arthropod Parasites for Mammals
Ticks are skin parasites that feed on the blood of their hosts. Ticks like motion, warm temperatures from body heat, and the carbon dioxide exhaled by mammals, so they are attracted to such hosts as d
Retained Baby Teeth in Dogs and Cats Need Surgical Extraction
Puppies normally have 28 deciduous (baby) teeth that erupt during the first six months of life, and adults have 42 permanent teeth. Kittens have 26 baby teeth, and adult cats have 30. For the baby tee
Blastomycosis is a Systemic Fungal infection Affecting Dogs and Cats
Blastomycosis, caused by Blastomyces dermatitidis , is a systemic fungal infection that affects dogs and cats. Blastomycosis is most common in certain geographic areas in North America, most often the
Bacterial Diarrheas in Puppies & Kittens
Bacterial diarrheas are generally a nuisance for the adult animal but can be lethal to a small puppy, kitten, or even a human baby. Most of these problems stem from contaminated food or fecal contamin
Hip Dislocation in Dogs and Cats
To understand how hips dislocate and how they can be put back in place, some knowledge of anatomy is needed. The normal hip joint can be described as a ball and socket. The thigh bone is called the fe
Hypocalcemia (Low Blood Calcium) in Cats and Dogs
When the Results say Low Blood Calcium Calcium is a mineral we have all heard about as we have been told to drink milk for adequate calcium since we were children. Women are encouraged to take calcium
Pyelonephritis in Dogs and Cats
Also known as pyelitis or upper urinary tract infection, pyelonephritis is an inflammation of the kidney, specifically of the parenchyma and renal pelvis. Pyelonephritis is a common condition that fre
Pyothorax in Dogs and Cats
First, an Anatomy Lesson Pyothorax happens in an area of the chest called the pleural space. Thorax is another way of saying chest cavity. Chest cavities contain the heart and lungs, and other importa
Meningioma in Dogs and Cats
The Most Common Brain Tumor of Dogs and Cats The idea that someone we care about has a brain tumor is virtually unthinkable; yet, sometimes it must be considered. Meningioma is probably the most commo
Distemper (Panleukopenia) in Cats
Feline distemper, also known as feline panleukopenia, is a very contagious, life-threatening infectious disease of cats. It commonly swoops through a group of cats, especially kittens, leaving a trail
Cholangitis (Cholangiohepatitis) in Cats
What is Cholangitis and is it Different from Cholangiohepatitis? The word cholangiohepatitis breaks down into “ chol ” (bile), “ angio ” (vessel), hepat (liver), and “ itis ” (inflammation). Putting t
Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) in Dogs
The signs of inflammation in the colon (also called the large intestine) are the same regardless of the cause: mucousy diarrhea, straining to pass stool, cramping, and sometimes a surprising urgency t
Cryptosporidium is a Particularly Challenging Type of Coccidia for Pets
What are Coccidia and Why they are Bad Coccidia are a common parasite of young puppies and kittens. They reproduce inside intestinal cells, ultimately killing the cells within which they divide and pr
Taenia Species Tapeworms in Dogs and Cats
After gaining some pet-owning experience, the average pet owner has heard of tapeworms transmitted by fleas and knows to watch for sesame seed-like segments around their pet's nether regions or on the
Rat Poison's Effect on Dogs and Cats
The EPA has been at odds with Reckitt Benckiser (the makers of d-CON) since 1999 when they began seriously scrutinizing the risks of rat poison products to pets, children, and wildlife. At last, Recki
Pneumonia Management in Dogs and Cats
Most people have heard the term pneumonia and know it is a serious lung infection. In fact, "pneumonia" is not a very specific term and essentially means inflammation of any origin in the deep lung ti
Kidney Dialysis: Is It for Your Pet?
Additional Resources Kidney Failure in Dogs and Cats: Where to Begin Fluid Therapy in Pets Renal Failure Dietary Therapy Kidney Transplants for Cats and Dogs Kidney Failure (Chronic) Links
Bladder Stones (Oxalate) in Cats
Discovering Your Cat Has a Bladder Stone Presumably, you are reading this page because your cat has or had a calcium oxalate bladder stone or your cat has or had a bladder stone that is likely to be a
Feline Pregnancy and Kitten Birth
Too often, a litter of kittens comes as an almost total surprise. The cute little girl kitten from last fall is one day noticed to be a bit round in the middle only the very next spring. No one got ar
Hypercalcemia in Dogs and Cats
What Does High Blood Calcium Mean? Calcium is a mineral we have all heard about as many of us have been told to drink our milk for adequate calcium since we were children. Women are encouraged to supp
Plasma Cell Pododermatitis (Pillow Foot) in Cats
Plasma cell pododermatitis is a foot pad disease of cats that is fairly classical in its appearance, yet its significance is poorly understood. Plasma cell pododermatitis literally means foot inflamma
Total Ear Canal Ablation (TECA) and Ventral Bulla Osteotomy for End-Stage Ears in Dogs and Cats
Sometimes an ear infection is simply hopeless. Perhaps the organism growing is too resistant for treatment. Perhaps the ear canal has actually mineralized from chronic irritation. Perhaps the ear cana
Nicotine Poisoning in Pets
Everyone knows the Surgeon General’s warning about cigarette smoking but what about cigarette eating? Nicotine poisoning is a real concern anywhere that a pet may find cigarettes, cigarette butts, che
Infectious Anemia in Cats
(Also called feline hemotropic mycoplasmosis, infection by Hemobartonella felis , infection by Mycoplasma haemofelis , by Mycoplasma haemominutum, or by Mycoplasma turicensis ) Parasitic organisms sur
Whipworm Infection in Dogs and Cats
This worm is one of the "big four" intestinal parasites with which our canine friends must often contend: roundworms , tapeworms , hookworms , and whipworms. The whipworm that affects dogs ( Trichuris
Bloody Nose (Epistaxis) in Dogs and Cats
Some blood-tinged droplets sneezed on the floor might be the only sign, or there might be a steady, inexorable bloody drip from one or both nostrils. These findings are alarming as well as messy in th
Lead Poisoning in Dogs and Cats
The most common cause of lead poisoning in pets is ingestion of lead-based paint. Although lead-based paint is no longer available in the United States, it was used in buildings for many years. When t
Thrombocytopenia in Dogs and Cats
Platelets (thrombocytes) are produced in the bone marrow. Platelets circulate in the blood. When your pet gets cut, platelets stick to the edges of the cut and to one another, forming a plug. They the
Neonatal Isoerythrolysis in Cats
Neonatal isoerythrolysis, or NI, is a rare immune-mediated disease that is caused when newborn kittens with type A blood drink colostrum from a mother with type B blood. The antibodies contained in th
Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency in Dogs and Cats
What the Pancreas Normally Does The pancreas is a small, light pink glandular organ nestled under the stomach and alongside the upper small intestine. There are two types of pancreatic tissues to know
Steroid Use in Dogs and Cats
Most people are familiar with cortisone and may even know that it is a steroid but, even though steroids are commonly prescribed to both people and animals, much more knowledge than that is not really
Hard to Regulate Diabetic Cats
Additional Resources Diabetes Mellitus: Introduction Cataracts in Diabetic Dogs Diabetic Ketoacidosis in Dogs and Cats Diabetic Cat Diet Diabetic Dog Diet Glargine (Lantus) and Detemir (Le
Mast Cell Tumors in Dogs and Cats
What is a Mast Cell? A normal mast cell is part of our immunologic defense systems against invading organisms. Mast cells are meant to participate in the war against parasites (as opposed to the war a
Bartonella and Cat Scratch Fever
Most people know very little about this infection other than it involves a fever spread by cat scratches. In fact, it involves infection by bacteria of the genus Bartonella . There are 24 Bartonella s
Cats and Ferrets Had SARS in Laboratory Setting
While researching appropriate medicine for humans infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), scientists discovered that cats and ferrets can get SARS from humans, at least in a laboratory
Flea Control for Dogs and Cats
Fleas are the most common external parasites of companion animals. In addition to causing itching and other skin problems, fleas can transmit diseases to animals and people. The majority of the flea p
Pyoderma in Dogs
Pyoderma is a bacterial skin infection (bacterial dermatitis). Pyodermas in dogs are usually caused by Staphylococcus bacteria (Staphylococcal folliculitis or furunculosis). These bacteria usually wil
Otitis Externa Treatment in Dogs and Cats
Otitis externa is an inflammation or infection of the external ear canal . Bacteria, yeast, ear mites, and allergies can all cause otitis externa . Addressing this problem involves four steps: Clean
Pregnancy Termination in Dogs and Cats
Sometimes nature takes an unwanted course. Maybe you kept putting off scheduling your female pet’s spay surgery, and before you knew it, she was in heat. Perhaps there was an especially industrious ma
Workups for Itchy Dogs and Cats
Pruritus, or itching, in dogs and cats, can involve scratching and licking, chewing, or biting the skin. Pruritus is the most common symptom of skin disease in veterinary medicine. Many conditions can
Transitional Cell Carcinoma in Dogs and Cats
Transitional cell carcinoma (frequently abbreviated to TCC) is a particularly unpleasant malignant tumor of the urinary bladder. This tumor type is also sometimes called urothelial carcinoma. In dogs,
Myasthenia Gravis in Dogs and Cats
What You Need to Know to Understand this Disease Myasthenia gravis is a disease that interrupts the way nerves communicate with muscles. To understand this disease, you must have some understanding of
Hookworms in Cats and Dogs
Hookworms ( Ancylostoma caninum, Ancylostoma braziliense, Uncinaria stenocephala ) are one of the classical groups of internal parasites of puppies, the others being roundworms , tapeworms , and cocci
Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV)
Feline leukemia virus, a retrovirus, is a common infection of cats. It is the cause of more cat deaths, directly or indirectly, than any other organism and is widespread in the cat population. Disease
Hepatic Lipidosis (Fatty Liver Disease) in Cats
Owners of cats that have been diagnosed with fatty liver disease or for whom fatty liver is being considered can use some information. Briefly, lipidosis (the medical name for "fatty liver") is a caus
Hemangiosarcoma is Blood or Skin Cancer in Dogs and Cats
Hemangiosarcoma is a malignant tumor of blood vessel cells. With the exception of the skin form - which can often be eliminated by surgery - a diagnosis of hemangiosarcoma is bad news. When found inte
Lymphoma in Cats
Additional Resources Common Lymphoma Chemotherapy Medications for Cats and Dogs Lymphoma Lymphoma in Dogs Lymphoma Treatment Includes Nutritional Therapy for Dogs and Cats Lymphoma is curren
Normal Joints Look Like This in Dogs and Cats
Additional Resources Medications for Degenerative Arthritis in Dogs and Cats Physical Therapy for Arthritic Patients A pet doesn’t have to be a senior citizen to require joint care supplements,
Home Cooked or Raw Diets for Dogs and Cats
Many people would like to feed home-cooked or raw diets to their dogs and cats, however, well-balanced home-cooked or raw diets are often hard for owners to design and make. To complicate matters, the
Demodectic Mange in Cats
Demodex mites are normal residents of the skin in virtually all mammal species. They live inside hair follicles and cause no trouble for the most part. They do not spread from host to host in a contag
Immune-Mediated Thrombocytopenia (IMT)
(Immune Destruction of Blood Platelets, also called ITP or IMT ) What is a Platelet? A platelet is a cloud-shaped blood cell, neither related to the red blood cell line nor the white blood cell line.
Immune Mediated Hemolytic Anemia (IMHA) in Dogs and Cats
See the article summary below . (Formerly known as autoimmune hemolytic anemia or AIHA) Immune-mediated hemolytic anemia (IMHA) is a condition in which the body’s immune system attacks and removes its
Bad Breath in Dogs and Cats
What Is Halitosis? Halitosis, also called bad breath, is as an offensive odor emanating from the oral cavity. Bad breath is a common presenting pet odor complaint. Common causes may be related to the
Glomerulonephritis in Dogs and Cats
See article summary below Additional Resources Kidney Failure in Dogs and Cats: Where to Begin Fluid Therapy in Pets Renal Failure Dietary Therapy Kidney Dialysis: Is it for your Pet? Kidney
Kidney Transplants for Cats and Dogs
Additional Resources Kidney Failure in Dogs and Cats: Where to Begin Fluid Therapy in Pets Renal Failure Dietary Therapy Kidney Dialysis: Is it for your Pet? Kidney Failure (Chronic) Links
Dry Eye (Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca) in Dogs and Cats
(Dry eye is formally known as keratoconjunctivitis sicca or KCS) Why Tears Are Good Imagine the discomfort of dry, irritated eyes and the soothing that is provided by lubricating eye drops. Tears are
Herpes Viral Conjunctivitis: A Feline Problem
The conjunctival membranes of the eye are basically the pink part under the eyelids and the lining of the eyelids themselves. When they are irritated, they redden and can become itchy, dry, and uncomf
Plasma Cell Stomatitis in Cats
(Also called lymphoplasmacytic stomatitis, LPS, feline caudal stomatitis, chronic oral inflammatory disease, feline chronic gingivostomatitis, or caudal mucositis) A general physical examination invol
Tail Pull Injuries in Cats
(Also called sacrocaudal fractures in cats) First, an Anatomy Lesson Tails are wonderful, expressive body parts used by cats for communication purposes as well as for balance. The tail consists of a v
Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV)
What Is FIV? FIV stands for feline immunodeficiency virus, just as HIV stands for human immunodeficiency virus. In fact, these two viruses are closely related, and much of the general information that
High Blood Pressure in Our Pets
Additional Resources Kidney Failure in Dogs and Cats: Where to Begin Fluid Therapy in Pets Renal Failure Dietary Therapy Kidney Dialysis: Is it for your Pet? Kidney Transplants for Cats and
Safe Gardening for Dogs and Cats
Gardening is a relaxing pastime many enjoy, and many people allow pets in their gardens. The garden shops and catalogs are full of gorgeous garden shrubs and flowers. They tell us how to water and how
Cat's Teeth Examination for Cat Owners
It's easy to recognize if your cat has a broken leg, but how about a broken tooth? You would think pets would stop eating when they had oral problems. Unfortunately, this is not usually the case. By t
Dental Care in Cats
Feline dental care is perhaps the most overlooked and under-treated area in small animal medicine. Cats are affected by many of the same dental problems that affect dogs, including periodontal disease
Periodontal Disease in Dogs and Cats
What Is Periodontal Disease? Periodontal disease is inflammation of some or all of a tooth's support. Compared to gingivitis, periodontitis indicates bone loss. Periodontitis may cause loose, painful
Gingivostomatitis in Cats
What is it? Feline gingivostomatitis (FGS) is a severe, painful oral disease that affects some cats where the cat’s mouth becomes allergic to plaque on the teeth and tongue and gums. The allergic resp
Oral Masses/Ulcers in Dogs and Cats
What are oral masses? Some dogs and cats develop growths in their mouths. Similar to humans, these growths may be benign or malignant. Once a mass is noticed, analysis must be made to determine the ca
Stomatitis in Cats
Cats can be affected by inflammation of the entire mouth, called stomatitis or feline gingivostomatitis (FGS). An immune-related cause is suspected due to the large amount of plasma cells encountered
Tooth Resorption in Cats
A common feline oral malady is tooth resorption (TR). Greater than half of all cats older than three years old will have at least one tooth affected by resorption; it affects dogs less frequently. The
Dental Care in Dogs and Cats and What to Expect
Like people, dogs and cats require regular dental care to maintain their health. Without it, they can develop painful dental problems, lose teeth, or even suffer from infections that can spread to the
Orthodontics for Pets
Just as you would want to cure a painful skin condition or sore joint in your pet, consider relieving pain in your pet's mouth. When an oral problem is caused by poorly aligned teeth, orthodontic trea
Toothbrushing and Dental Prophylaxis in Cats and Dogs
Why Should I Brush My Dog's Or Cat's Teeth? Daily removal of plaque is the key to an oral hygiene program. Unless your pet's teeth are brushed daily, plaque, which is an accumulation of bacteria, will
Urinary Blockage in Cats
Additional Resources Lower Urinary Tract Disease in Cats Idiopathic Cystitis in Cats Inappropriate Elimination (House-Soiling) in Cats Urinary Blockage is an emergency! Recognizing The Emergen
Common Household Items Can Poison Pets
The ASPCA's Animal Poison Control lists these products as the most common ones that can poison pets. These are not the only ones, just the most common ones. Household Products Bleach Carpet fresheners
Winter Holiday Hazards for Pets
The holiday season is upon us, and many people plan to include their furry companions in the festivities. As you gear up for the holidays, it is important to try to keep your pet's eating and exercise
Home Testing of Blood Glucose for Diabetic Cats
Additional Resources Diabetes Mellitus: Introduction Cataracts in Diabetic Dogs Diabetic Ketoacidosis in Dogs and Cats Diabetic Cat Diet Diabetic Dog Diet Glargine (Lantus) and Detemir (Le
Medications for Degenerative Arthritis in Dogs and Cats
Additional Resources Normal Joints Look Like this in Dogs and Cats Pharmaceuticals and Nutraceuticals for Arthritis There are numerous treatments and products available to manage joint pain, and eac
Flea Anemia in Cats and Dogs
It is important to get the message out early: Fleas aren't just a nuisance. They drink blood, and blood loss can kill. In almost every case, the owner had no idea that flea infestation could be lethal
Cataracts in Dogs and Cats
The normal lens of the eye is a focusing device. It is completely clear and is suspended in position by tissue fibers (called zonules) just inside the pupil. The pupil opens and closes to control the
Abscesses in Cats from Bite Wounds
An abscess forms when an infected bite wound heals over on its surface, thus sealing the deeper infection inside. Fever is generated as the infection incubates. Diseased tissue and the inflammatory ce
Roundworms In Cats And Kittens
There are two species of roundworms that affect cats and kittens: Toxocara cati and Toxascaris leonina, with Toxocara cati (cats only), felt to be the more harmful species . Toxascaris leonina affects
Horner's Syndrome in Cats and Dogs
Horner's syndrome is a collection of signs that have significance when they go together. It is important to realize that having a syndrome is not the same as having a diagnosis. A syndrome, however, o
Poisonous Plants for Dogs and Cats
The ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center provides a list of plants that have been reported as having systemic effects on animals and/or intense effects on the gastrointestinal tract. Please note that th
Toxic and Non-toxic Plants
The ASPCA offers a database of toxic and non-toxic plants , with photos, to dogs, cats, and horses. You can see a list that affects only one of those three species, or view all of them. This list cont
Allergies: Atopic Dermatitis in Dogs and Cats
Atopy Atopy is defined as the genetic tendency to develop allergic diseases. These diseases are due to a heightened immune response to common environmental substances, known as allergens. In atopic de
Asthma in Cats
What is Asthma? Asthma is a recurring respiratory compromise featuring the constriction (narrowing) of the lung’s airways. There are three features that define asthma: • Airway inflammation • Airway h
Food Allergies in Dogs and Cats
Your Pet's Itchy Skin Itchy skin in dogs and cats is often more than just a minor annoyance. Red, oozing bald patches, rashes, and large expanses of hair loss are unfortunate markers of very real disc
Itch Relief for Dogs and Cats
The Itching Pet: Alternatives to Steroids Excessive licking, chewing, and scratching can make a pet’s life miserable for month after month, even year after year. No one likes to see their pet uncomfor
Vaccine Allergic Reactions in Dogs and Cats
With vaccination commonly recommended annually, most pet owners are accustomed to taking their pets to the vet for "yearly shots." It seems such a commonplace part of routine pet care that many people
Inappropriate Elimination (House Soiling) in Cats
Additional Resources Lower Urinary Tract Disease in Cats Idiopathic Cystitis in Cats Urinary Blockage in Cats Despite the cat’s reputation for fastidious cleanliness, house-soiling is the numb
Heartworm Infection in Cats
Do Cats Get Heartworm? The answer to this question is an unequivocal yes, but feline heartworm disease is a lung disease rather than a heart disease as it is in dogs. The parasite is the same but beca
Ear Infections (Otitis) in Dogs
Dogs seem to get ear infections with a surprising frequency, and some dogs have to deal with ear infections nearly constantly. When one considers that human ear infections seem few and far between, on
Ear Mites in Dogs and Cats
See the article summary below . Most people have heard of ear mites and know they are a common ear parasite of dogs and cats, but that is where most people's knowledge of ear disease ends. In fact, in
Vestibular Disease in Dogs and Cats
What on Earth Is the Vestibular Apparatus? In a nutshell, the vestibular apparatus is the neurological equipment responsible for perceiving your body's orientation relative to the earth (determining i
Cushing's Syndrome: Classifying the Type
Additional Resources Quality of Life Survey for Dog Owners With and Without Cushing's disease Symptoms of Cushing's Syndrome Cushing's Syndrome: Description Laboratory Tests Hinting at Cushing
Diabetes Mellitus: Introduction
Additional Resources Cataracts in Diabetic Dogs Diabetic Ketoacidosis in Dogs and Cats Diabetic Cat Diet Diabetic Dog Diet Flash Glucose Monitoring with FreeStyle Libre in Cats and Dogs Gl
Hyperthyroidism Medication for Cats (Methimazole)
Additional Resources Hyperthyroidism Treatment Options in Cats and Dogs Signs, Symptoms, and Diagnosis of Hyperthyroidism in Cats Surgical Treatment for Feline Hyperthyroidism Thyroid Dietary
Hyperthyroidism Treatment Options in Cats
Additional Resources Hyperthyroidism Medication for Cats Signs, Symptoms and Diagnosis of Hyperthyroidism in Cats Surgical Treatment for Feline Hyperthyroidism Thyroid Dietary Therapy for Cats
Insulin Administration in Cats
Additional Resources Diabetes Mellitus: Introduction Cataracts in Diabetic Dogs Diabetic Ketoacidosis in Dogs and Cats Diabetic Cat Diet Diabetic Dog Diet Glargine (Lantus) and Detemir (Le
Laboratory Tests Confirming Cushing's Syndrome
Additional Resources Quality of Life Survey for Dog Owners With and Without Cushing's disease Symptoms of Cushing's Syndrome Cushing's Syndrome: Description Laboratory Tests Hinting at Cushing
Laboratory Tests Hinting at Cushing's Syndrome
Additional Resources Quality of Life Survey for Dog Owners With and Without Cushing's disease Symptoms of Cushing's Syndrome Cushing's Syndrome: Description Laboratory Tests Confirming Cushing
Signs, Symptoms, and Diagnosis of Hyperthyroidism in Cats
See article summary below. Additional Resources Hyperthyroidism Treatment Options in Cats and Dogs Hyperthyroidism Medication for Cats Surgical Treatment for Feline Hyperthyroidism Thyroid Die
Surgical Treatment for Feline Hyperthyroidism
Additional Resources Hyperthyroidism Treatment Options in Cats and Dogs Hyperthyroidism Medication for Cats Signs, Symptoms and Diagnosis of Hyperthyroidism in Cats Thyroid Dietary Therapy for
Symptoms of Cushing's Syndrome
Additional Resources Quality of Life Survey for Dog Owners With and Without Cushing's disease Cushing's Syndrome: Description Laboratory Tests Hinting at Cushing's Syndrome Laboratory Tests Co
Thyroid Treatment Using Radiotherapy for Cats
Additional Resources Hyperthyroidism Treatment Options in Cats Hyperthyroidism Medication for Cats Signs, Symptoms, and Diagnosis of Hyperthyroidism in Cats Surgical Treatment for Feline Hyper
Corneal Ulcers and Erosions in Dogs and Cats
One of the classic eye problems veterinarians address is a red eye. The red eye may or may not be obviously painful, but when it is, the pet can be observed squinting or even rubbing at their face. Th
Eye Removal (Enucleation) in Pets
Answering Your Questions About Enucleation Why Might this Procedure be Necessary? In almost all cases, the eye is removed because it has reached a point where it has no chance of being capable of sigh
Coccidia Infects Intestines of Cats and Dogs
What on Earth are Coccidia? Coccidia are single-celled organisms that infect the intestine. They are microscopic parasites detectable on routine fecal tests in the same way that worms are, but coccidi
Colitis-Related Diarrhea in Dogs and Cats
See the article summary below. What is Colitis? In brief, colitis is the term for inflammation of the colon. The chief feature of colitis is frequently jelly-like, and/or liquid diarrhea featuring muc
Constipation and Megacolon in Dogs and Cats
See article summary below. Simple Constipation An occasional episode of constipation is not cause for alarm. When a pet is constipated, stools seem unusually hard, and there is unproductive straining.
Helicobacter Infection in Dogs and Cats
What is Helicobacter? Helicobacter is a genus of spiral bacteria that, amazingly, is able to survive the severe acidity of the stomach. The existence of such bacteria has been known of since 1889, but
Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Dogs and Cats
What is Inflammatory Bowel Disease? The membranes and layers of the normal GI tract are delicate and highly organized. There is a muscle layer responsible for the proper movement and mixing of digesti
Pancreatitis in Cats
See article summary below. Most people have heard of the pancreas but aren’t really sure what it is. The pancreas is a pale pink glandular organ nestled just under the stomach. It has two main functio
Rabies in Animals
Click here for a summary. Descriptions of rabies go back thousands of years, as rabies has classically been one of the most feared infections of all time. It is because of rabies that dog ownership vi
Tapeworms (Dipylidium caninum) in Dogs and Cats
The Common Tapeworm: Dipylidium caninum Biology and Lifecycle of the Parasite The adult Dipylidium caninum lives in the small intestine of a dog or cat. It does not float around freely or travel about
Upper Respiratory Infection in Cats
See article summary below . Signs Sneezing Nasal discharge Runny eyes Cough Oral or nasal ulcers Sniffles Fever Hoarse voice Or any combination thereof What Cats Are at Risk? The a
Injection Site Sarcoma (Cancer) in Cats
Also called vaccine-associated fibrosarcoma and vaxosarcoma. Back in the 1990s, researchers began to take note of locally aggressive tumors developing in the feline scruff of the neck, where vaccinati
Lymphoma
Additional Resources Common Lymphoma Chemotherapy Medications for Cats and Dogs Lymphoma in Cats Lymphoma in Dogs Lymphoma Treatment Includes Nutritional Therapy for Dogs and Cats Lymphoma,
Neutering Your Male Cat
Neutering a male cat is an excellent step to help your young cat grow into a loving, well-adapted family member. The main reason to neuter a male cat is to reduce the incidence of objectionable behavi
Orphan Puppy & Kitten Care
The Nest Box Keep the babies together as long as they are about the same age; this will help socialize them to their species and keep them warm. Try to assemble the following equipment: The babies'
Pilling a Cat
This is Sammie, our model for today. He has volunteered to take an amoxicillin tablet for our demonstration. The technician is assisting. These directions are for a right-handed person, so reverse the
Spaying your Female Cat
Spaying your cat is an important part of basic cat health care. Spaying at a young age prevents mammary cancer, and spaying at any age prevents unwanted kittens, noisy heat cycles, and possibly even u
Vaccine Information for Dogs, Cats, Puppies and Kittens
Why Do Baby Animals Need a Series of Shots and How Many do They Need? When a baby kitten or puppy is born, its immune system is not yet mature; the baby is wide open for infection. Fortunately, nature
Pyometra in Dogs and Cats
The word pyometra is derived from the Latin “pyo,” meaning pus, and “metra,” meaning uterus. A pyometra is an abscessed, pus-filled, infected uterus. Toxins and bacteria leak across the uterine walls
Eosinophilic Granuloma Complex in Cats
What is a Granuloma? A granuloma is a solid grouping of inflammatory cells growing together in a lump or solid structure. What is an Eosinophil? An eosinophil is a type of white blood cell that is act
Notoedric Mange in Cats (Feline Scabies)
Notoedric mange is the scabby, scaly skin disease resulting from feline mite Notoedres cati i nfection . Notoedres mites are closely related to sarcoptic mange mites of dogs, and thus, the two infecti
Ringworm in Dogs and Cats
What Kind of Infection is it? Many people are surprised to find that ringworm is not caused by a worm at all but by a fungus. The fungi involved are called dermatophytes, and the more scientifically c
Digging Deeper: Getting the Facts on the Dangers of Antifreeze and Your Pets
Chances are, you’re already aware of the fact that antifreeze can be a dangerous poison to humans and animals alike. But do you know why the substance is so toxic to pets? Would you know what to do if
Zinc Poisoning in Dogs and Cats
Red Blood Cell Destruction Most people have at least a passing familiarity with hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is the iron-containing protein that is responsible for the red color of blood. It binds the oxyge
Chronic Kidney Disease in Dogs and Cats: Where to Begin
Additional Resources Fluid Therapy in Pets Renal Failure Dietary Therapy Kidney Dialysis: Is it for your Pet? Kidney Transplants for Cats and Dogs Kidney Failure (Chronic) Links Calcium Ph
Idiopathic Cystitis in Cats
Additional Resources Lower Urinary Tract Disease in Cats Urinary Blockage in Cats Inappropriate Elimination (House-Soiling) in Cats (Also known as Pandora Syndrome and formerly known as FUS) T
Lower Urinary Tract Disease in Cats (also known as FLUTD)
The diseased lower urinary tract yields the same symptoms regardless of the cause. Bloody urine Straining to urinate (can easily be mistaken for straining to defecate) Urinating in unusual place
Inappropriate Elimination
House-training problems - called inappropriate elimination - are the number one cause of behavior-related complaints from cat lovers, and with good reason. No one likes to deal with urine and feces in
Chemical Injuries: First Aid
Chemical injuries to tissue are caused by contact with harmful chemicals such as lye, acids, and strong cleaning supplies. Also called chemical burns, they can be similar to thermal (heat) burns and t
Eye Injuries: First Aid
You should seek veterinary attention immediately if you see any of the following: Your pet squinting or protecting an eye Any suspected trauma to the eye Abnormal appearance of the eyeball Exc
Abscess: First Aid
Animal teeth and claws easily puncture skin, introducing bacteria under the skin. If the skin heals quickly, the bacteria become trapped and create pockets of infection commonly referred to as abscess
Bandaging: First Aid
Home bandaging is not a substitute for proper veterinary care and improperly applied bandages can result in limb loss. We use bandages for several reasons: to protect wounds from the environment, prot
Bee Stings and Insect Bites: First Aid
Any insect or spider can cause problems if they bite or sting your pet. A bite or sting can cause swelling, redness, and itching. Some animals can have an allergic reaction to a sting or bite that may
Bleeding: First Aid
Pets often suffer blood loss as a result of trauma or poisoning. Some bleeding is visible, and is a result of a cut or laceration, while internal bleeding occurs inside the body (such as in the chest
Breathing Problems: First Aid
Difficulty breathing is also called dyspnea and is a medical emergency. Respiratory distress is recognized by increased effort to breathe; noisy or squeaky breathing; and cyanosis (a bluish tinge to t
Burns: First Aid
A burn is any injury of tissue caused by heat, flame, chemicals, or electricity. Burn classification determines the severity of the wound based on the depth of the tissue injury. First-degree burns (f
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR): First Aid
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is the treatment required to save an animal's (or human's) life when suffering cardiopulmonary arrest. The intent of CPR is to provide sufficient blood flow and oxy
Choking: First Aid
Click here for more information on choking in dogs. Choking is interference with breathing caused by foreign material in, or compression on, the trachea (windpipe). Thankfully, true choking is a very
Dehydration: First Aid
Dehydration is the excessive loss of water from the body (typically through vomiting and/or diarrhea) or inappropriate intake of water into the body (decreased thirst). The most common mistake with a
Diarrhea and Vomiting: First Aid
Diarrhea is the frequent evacuation of watery stools. Vomiting is the forceful expulsion of stomach contents through the mouth. What to Do Remove all food and water. Check for signs of dehydration
Difficult Birth: First Aid
Puppies are born 58 to 72 days after mating. Because canine spermatozoa live 4 to 11 days in the bitch’s reproductive tract, it is usually not possible to accurately determine the day of birth from th
Drowning or Near Drowning: First Aid
Suffocation by drowning is caused by the lungs filling with water or other fluid. Some pets can seemingly recover from a near-drowning incident, only to succumb to a collection of fluid in the lungs (
Electrical Burns: First Aid
In order to avoid injury to yourself, it is imperative that you do not touch the pet until the electrical source has been turned off or moved. Electricity can flow through your pet and affect you as w
Fainting and Dizziness (Syncope): First Aid
Fainting is the sudden loss of consciousness or a sudden and marked weakness. It may be associated with numerous medical conditions and can be caused by anything from low blood sugar and neurological
Fever: First Aid
Do not give aspirin, ibuprofen, acetaminophen (Tylenol®), or other drugs as many of these are poisonous to pets. Fever is an elevated body temperature that occurs as a response to infection or inflamm
Fractures and Injuries: First Aid
A fracture refers to a break or crack in a bone. There are several different types of fractures, and each type has different complications and methods of repair. Your veterinarian can help you decide
Hyperthermia (Heat Stroke): First Aid
Hyperthermia may be a life-threatening condition and requires immediate treatment. Body temperature may be elevated because of an infection (fever), but it may also increase because of hot and/or humi
Hypothermia: First Aid
Hypothermia occurs when the body temperature goes below 98 ° F. The normal body temperature of dogs and cats is between 98 and 102.5 ° F . If the rectal temperature of a dog or cat is below 98 ° F, th
Impalement and Penetrating Injuries: First Aid
Impalement and penetrating injuries involve a foreign body stuck in an animal, usually in a body cavity like the abdomen or chest, or deep wounds where the skin is broken. Common examples in small ani
Introduction: First Aid
This first aid collection is an emergency preparedness ready-reference for dogs and cats. Wise preventive measures, intelligent use of first aid principles, coupled with recognition of abnormal sympto
Nosebleed: First Aid
A nosebleed (epistaxis) is bleeding or hemorrhage from the nose. It is important to stop a nose bleed, but is equally important to get to the bottom of why it’s happening. Stopping nose bleeds in pets
Paralysis: First Aid
Paralysis is the inability to voluntarily move a part or parts of the body. The paralyzed part (legs, neck, etc.) may be rigid or stiff or, more commonly, relaxed and flaccid. Severe pain can often ac
Physical Exam Checklist for Pets: First Aid
This information is intended as a general reference for the lay public and is not intended to replace the advice of a veterinarian. A veterinarian should be consulted before starting, stopping, or cha
Poisoning in Dogs and Cats
Poisoning is a condition that results from the ingestion, inhalation, absorption, injection, or application of a substance that causes structural damage or functional disturbance of body tissues. The
Preventing a Health and Safety Crisis: First Aid
Nutrition and Feeding Good nutrition is essential for a healthy pet. Nutrients in pet foods should provide what is needed for metabolic body processes and should help fight off disease. Proper feeding
Seizures and Convulsions: First Aid
A seizure is any sudden and uncontrolled movement of the animal's body caused by abnormal brain activity. Seizures may be very severe and affect all of the body, or quite mild, affecting only a portio
Shock: First Aid
Shock is a condition resulting from a depressed state of many vital body functions caused by a lack of effective circulation. A veterinary textbook on emergency medicine defines shock as "resulting fr
Snakebite: First Aid
What to Do Muzzle your pet to avoid being bitten – snakebites can be painful, and your pet may try to protect herself. Immobilize the part of the animal that has been bitten by the snake, if this
Straining to Eliminate: First Aid
Straining is a frequent and sometimes exaggerated effort to have a bowel movement or to urinate. It is often difficult to tell if the pet is having trouble urinating or defecating. Most owners think t
Sunburn: First Aid
Sunburn is damage to the tissues caused by exposure to the sun's rays and ultraviolet radiation. Animals are usually covered by hair, fur, or pigmented skin that protects them from the harmful rays of
Transporting an Injured Pet: First Aid
The first aid provider must not only identify and treat injury or illness, but must also safely transport the patient to the veterinary facility for further treatment. Improper technique when transpor
Wounds: First Aid
A wound is any break in the continuity of the tissues of the body, either external or internal. Injured pets can act in unusual and unpredictable ways. When dealing with an injured pet, remember to pr
Wrapping Up First Aid
A Final Note Many other types of emergencies can, and do, occur. If you have questions concerning symptoms your pet is exhibiting, seek advice from a veterinarian. Do not administer any prescription o
Senior
10+ yearsSenior care, chronic conditions, and quality of life
Feline Lower Urinary Tract Disease (FLUTD): A Guide for Cat Owners
Feline Lower Urinary Tract Disease (FLUTD) is a group of conditions affecting the bladder and urethra of cats. It's a common health problem that can become life-threatening in certain cases, particula
Pyoderma in Cats
Pyoderma is a bacterial skin infection (bacterial dermatitis). Pyodermas in cats are usually caused by Staphylococcus bacteria ( Staphylococcal folliculitis). These bacteria usually will not cause dis
Skin Cultures in Dogs and Cats
A skin culture involves taking a sample from or of your pet's skin from an area that may concern your veterinarian. The sample is sent to a laboratory to grow bacteria. In cases where the infection-ca
Declawing Care and Alternatives in Cats
Scratching is normal behavior for cats. The procedure to declaw a cat (also known as "onychectomy") is not as simple as trimming a nail; it is actually amputating the tip of their toe to the first knu
Understanding Scratching Behavior in Cats
If your cat has ever sunk sharp claws into a favorite armchair or corner of the couch, you know how frustrating it can be. Cat caregivers often face this challenge and worry that their home will never
Veterinary Association Position Statements on Declawing in Cats
Declawing (onychectomy) cats is controversial and is opposed by most veterinary medical associations, which guide veterinarians to provide alternatives to declawing, unless it is done for medical nece
Tetralogy of Fallot in Dogs and Cats
Tetralogy of Fallot (ToF) is a rare heart condition that both dogs and cats can be born with. It is unique because it involves four structural heart abnormalities. The unusual name originates from the
Monoclonal Antibodies
What Are Antibodies? Antibodies, also known as immunoglobulins (Ig), are natural proteins that defend the body against foreign proteins, commonly referred to as antigens. There are five types of Ig, w
Using the Five Pillars to Design Feline-Friendly Exam Rooms
If you have a cat that gets nervous at the veterinarian’s office, you are not alone. Your cat leaves the safety of home and enters a world full of odd smells, new noises, and people they do not know.
Teaching Your Cat to Love Their Carrier
Teaching your cat to enter their carrier on their own is the first step in making veterinary visits less stressful. When a pet caregiver brings the carrier out from a closet or basement, the cat remem
Non-Cardiogenic Pulmonary Edema in Dogs and Cats
In a healthy pet, oxygen in the lungs travels from air sacs to the interstitium (the fluid-filled space between tissues or vessels) and into blood vessels. Red blood cells in the blood vessels transpo
Giving Subcutaneous Fluid Therapy to Your Cat with Low Stress Handling® Techniques
At some point in their lives, your cat may require supportive subcutaneous (SubQ) fluid therapy either at their veterinary clinic or in your own home. This treatment is often prescribed for dehydratio
Atypical Cushing's Disease in Dogs and Cats
Atypical Cushing’s, also called atypical hyperadrenocorticism, is a disorder that affects your pet’s endocrine system, which controls hormone levels in the body. Imagine the endocrine system as a deli
What is a Urinalysis Test?
A complete urinalysis (UA) analyzes your pet’s urine, as part of a complete health assessment. It is often done at the same time as blood tests ordered by your veterinarian. A complete UA consists of:
Teaching Your Cat To Use an Inhaler
Cats with asthma or other respiratory conditions may need to use inhaled medications administered with a spacer and mask. This method delivers the medication directly into the lungs and may have fewer
Signs of Pain in Pets
Even if your pet can’t speak to you to let you know how they feel, some signs can indicate that your pet may be feeling discomfort or pain. There can be many causes of pain in pets, so if you notice o
Anaphylactic Shock in Pets
When a human or pet comes into contact with a substance that their immune system perceives as harmful, the immune system labels it an allergen and produces antibodies to fight it. The resulting respon
Feline Enrichment: Meeting the Essential Needs of Cats
Enrichment can be defined as something added to your cat’s environment that encourages them to engage in normal, natural behaviors. For cats, normal and natural behaviors include but are not limited t
Building Better Lives for Our Pets: The Five Freedoms, Provisions, and Domains
Animal welfare has improved with three important frameworks that guide caring for your pet and other animals in different settings. Whether you are a caregiver, veterinary professional, shelter worker
House Soiling in Cats: Pooping Outside the Litter Box
House soiling in cats occurs when they urinate or defecate outside their litter box. Urination or defecation (pooping) outside the litter box falls into two categories: toileting and marking. Toiletin
Eclampsia in Dogs and Cats
What is Eclampsia? Like any new mom, your dog or cat must put in a lot of work to care for their babies. Mothers use a large amount of calcium to grow their puppies or kittens and to produce milk. Iro
Fractured Teeth in Dogs and Cats
Fractured teeth are a common dental problem seen in dogs and cats, especially when pets chew on things they are not supposed to. Tooth fractures are a result of trauma and can also result from fights
Tibial Tuberosity Advancement (TTA) Surgery for Cranial Cruciate Ligament Rupture
Tibial tuberosity advancement (TTA) is a surgical procedure that can be performed in animals to treat cranial cruciate ligament disease/rupture. What is the Cranial Cruciate Ligament? The cranial cruc
Preparing Pets for the Holidays
As the end of the year approaches, many people begin preparing for holiday celebrations with family and friends. The season often brings busy schedules, parties, and plenty of planning. When making ho
A Positive Reinforcement Approach to Counter-Surfing
Pets that constantly jump on tables or countertops can be a big problem for their caregivers. Whether your dog is grabbing food when your back is turned, or your cat is walking across the table with d
Atopic Dermatitis in Cats
You or someone you know may have allergies, but did you know your cat can too? Atopic dermatitis (atopy, allergic dermatitis, feline atopic skin syndrome, non-flea, and non-food hypersensitivity derma
The Importance of Play in Cats
All cats, no matter their age, benefit from consistent interactive play sessions with you. When you play tug or fetch with a dog, playtime is a social activity where you play together. However, for yo
Starting Your Kitten Off on the Right Paw by Enrolling in Kitty Kindergarten
One way to help a newly adopted kitten thrive and grow into a behaviorally healthy adult cat is to enroll them in a kitten class, often referred to as kitty kindergarten. In class, caregivers will lea
Choosing the Right Litterbox for Your Cat
Cats are low-maintenance and clean, making them appealing pets. Kittens instinctively know how to relieve themselves in soft materials and bury their waste, making it easy for them to learn to use a l
Training Your Pet To Cooperate With Ear And Eye Medications
Once your pet understands that their treatment station is a place where good things happen and they are comfortable communicating a desire to stay or a need to leave, it is time to start using the sta
Cannabis Toxicity in Pets
An Overview Cannabis generally refers to the products of the Cannabis sativa plant, commonly known as marijuana. The Cannabis sativa plant uniquely has over 100 different chemicals called phytocannabi
Low Stress Handling® for Cats in the ER
Emergency visits can be a difficult experience for cats. Many emergencies involve pain, and an urgent visit to address this pain can be stressful, leading to fears and anxieties that may result in a l
How To Set Up a Treatment Station for Your Pet
All pets will need grooming and veterinary care at some point in their lives. Setting up a predictable treatment station for your pet will help decrease stress. Choose an area that has good lighting,
Practical Dental Care Tips for Dogs and Cats
Introduction There are simple, down-to-earth steps to ensure your pet's dental health is within reach. Neglecting your pet's oral hygiene can lead to pain and health problems. Here are some easy-to-fo
Psychogenic Alopecia
Psychogenic alopecia, also known as self-trauma, is a condition in which cats compulsively pull out their hair, leading to thin, uneven coats or baldness. Overgrooming, licking, biting, chewing, and c
Introducing a New Cat Into the Home
Introducing a new cat to your home is a big deal, especially if you already have cats. It is like adding a new member to your family, and you want everyone to get along. So, here is how you can introd
How to Beat Confinement Woes in Dogs and Cats
If your pet has an upcoming surgery or is recovering from an injury or illness and the discharge instructions include exercise restriction and confinement, here are some ways to make this time as low
Flooding
Q: I volunteer at a shelter, and we use back scratchers to socialize fearful cats. I think this makes some of them more scared. Do I keep pushing it? A: Many cats in shelters are afraid. We should be
Kitten Biting Behavior
Kittens are adorable, tiny creatures who provide hours of entertainment. They nap in the strangest places, purr, cuddle, play, explore their surroundings, and develop bonds with those they live with.
Medical Management of Behavioral Conditions
Nearly all animal behavior cases benefit from a multi-modal approach consisting of medication, environmental management, and behavior modification. When treating behavioral conditions, your veterinari
Pilling Your Cat the Low Stress Handling® Way
Chances are, at some point in your cat’s life, they are going to need medications. Making sure your cat receives this medication can be challenging and stressful. Transdermal medications, which are ap
Feline Infectious Peritonitis
Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is a potentially deadly infection in cats caused by the FIP virus. The disease occurs most commonly in young cats, although it can infect older cats too. It affects
Cellulitis in Dogs and Cats
Cellulitis is a painful inflammation of the tissue under the skin. In animals, it is generally caused by a bacterial infection that has entered the skin from a cut, open wound, or broken skin from an
Medical Conditions and Behavior
Introduction The diagnosis of primary behavior problems such as anxiety, aggression, or eliminating outside the litterbox is often a diagnosis of exclusion. Because many behaviors result from underlyi
Traumatic Brain Injury in Dogs and Cats
If your pet has been involved in any event that may have caused head trauma, always see your veterinarian or an emergency practice for immediate attention . What Is a Traumatic Brain Injury? Traumatic
Spina Bifida in Dogs and Cats
Vertebrae and the Spinal Column In vertebrates, the delicate spinal cord (the part of the central nervous system connecting the brain to the rest of the body) is surrounded and protected by a bony tub
Hyperesthesia Syndrome in Cats
Feline hyperesthesia syndrome (FHS) is known by several names including “rolling skin disease”, “neurodermatitis”, neuritis, psychomotor epilepsy, and pruritic dermatitis. Hyperesthesia means “too muc
Cutaneous Vasculitis in Dogs and Cats
Vasculitis is an inflammatory process of the blood vessels (arteries, veins, or capillaries). Cutaneous means the skin is affected. When skin blood vessels are inflamed, this is called cutaneous vascu
Teaching Go To Mat for Cats
Teaching your cat to go to a mat is an easy behavior that supports exercise, enrichment, and engagement for you and your cat. The goal of this exercise is to teach your cat to run to their mat when gi
Solensia™ (Frunevetmab Injection): An Arthritis Medication Just for Cats
Relieving pain in cats is difficult because oftentimes, they do not tolerate common pain medications, including many NSAIDs; in fact, one ibuprofen (Advil®) or acetaminophen (Tylenol®) can make a cat
Feline Play and Play Aggression
Cats are social animals and enjoy interactions with the humans in their lives. While some cats are particular, others will play with any object, toy, or person. Some cats prefer social play with their
Ataxia in Dogs and Cats
When your pet is stumbling and staggering around, almost as though drunk, the condition is called ataxia. It is an inability to make normal, coordinated, voluntary movements but is not caused by muscl
How to Find a Good, Responsible Breeder
People seek out purebred dogs and cats for a number of reasons. Previous experience with the breed; predictability of temperament or health; use in hunting, agility, obedience, or other work are just
Brachial Plexus Avulsion in Dogs and Cats
Brachial Plexus avulsion or brachial plexus injury can occur when an animal suffers an injury involving the front limbs or shoulders. Caused by trauma such as an automobile accident, a bite or gunshot
When You Need Antibiotics for Your Pets, and When You Don’t
Antibiotics can be literal life savers for your pet when they have the kind of infection that responds to the medication. However, when given for something where they are not appropriate — such as a v
How Toxoplasmosis Affects Your Cat
What is Toxoplasmosis? Toxoplasmosis is the name of the clinical disease caused by the parasite Toxoplasma gondii . It is most often associated with cats but can infect all warm-blooded species includ
Polyuria/Polydipsia in Dogs and Cats
Polyuria and polydipsia are essentially flip sides of the same condition. With polyuria (PU) the body makes more urine than normal, which in turn causes a condition called polydipsia (PD), which means
Caring for Orphaned Kittens
So you’re the brand new parent to a litter of fuzzy, squeaky little kittens! Although nothing can replace the care from a feline mama, there are steps you can take to become an excellent foster parent
Cat Low Stress Handling® Blood Draw Visit: Moment of Truth
Many cats are afraid at the veterinary hospital which can make it difficult, if not impossible, to examine the cat and provide the best care possible. Changes in temperature, heart rate, respiratory r
How to Prepare Your Cat for a Low Stress Handling® Blood Draw Visit
Veterinary visits can be stressful for everyone, especially cats. Using the “less-is-more” approach, Low Stress Handling® Principles of Handling provides an opportunity for you to help your veterinari
Cat Body Language
One of the best things you can do to strengthen your relationship with your cat is to understand their body language. People communicate mainly in writing or speaking while cats use their body and sen
Paraphimosis and Phimosis in Dogs and Cats
Paraphimosis and phimosis in dogs are flip sides of the same coin: in the first, the dog’s extended penis cannot slide back into the sheath (prepuce) for an extended time; and in the second, the penis
Pemphigus Foliaceus in Dogs and Cats
What is Pemphigus Foliaceus? The immune system is the body’s defense against infection, keeping the body healthy. An autoimmune disease is the immune system attacking the body. Pemphigus foliaceus (PF
Traveling with Your Cat
At some point, you and your cat will need to travel. You may feel stressed by the idea, but with a bit of effort and planning, cats can learn to cope with the trip. Preparing your cat beforehand can m
Sterile Cystitis (Pandora Syndrome) in Cats
See article summary below. Also known as Feline Interstitial Cystitis, Feline Idiopathic Cystitis, FIC Cystitis is any kind of inflammation in the wall of the urinary bladder that causes clinical sign
What Is Cooperative Care in Veterinary Medicine?
Animal behavior is a crucial aspect of veterinary care. Whether your pet has pain or just “ain’t doing right,” the pet’s behavior, body language, and overall demeanor is part of obtaining a thorough a
Serotonin Syndrome in Dogs and Cats
Serotonin syndrome is a serious drug reaction to medications that build up high levels of serotonin in the body. A chemical that the body produces naturally, serotonin is needed for the brain and nerv
How to Make Veterinary Visits Less Stressful
Experiencing some fear during veterinary visits is a normal reaction for pets. It’s not fun to be examined by strangers and poked with needles. Pets do not understand why they are there or that the un
Manx Syndrome in Cats
Manx Syndrome in Cats Manx syndrome (sacrocaudal dysgenesis, sacrocaudal agenesis) is an array of problems involving the function of the hind legs, urinary bladder, and colon of a tailless cat. In aff
Desensitization and Counterconditioning to Nail Trimmers for Cats
How to help your cat get used to having their nails trimmed Start by putting the trimmers in a common area like your living room where your cat can choose to explore them at their pace. Putting trea
Fear-related Aggression in Cats
Fear in Cats Just like us, cats feel fear and their behavior changes in response to it. What makes one cat fearful or anxious may not make another one feel that way. We observe a cat’s body language t
Nail Trims for Adult Cats
Many cat owners never learned to trim their kitten’s nails and struggle with nail trims for their adult cat. To prevent scratches to people and furniture, as well as to decrease the potential of too l
Nail Trims in Kittens
Many owners struggle with trimming their cat’s nails. Nail trims, however, are important for your cat’s health and to prevent scratches of your furniture or people. Nails that become too long have the
Allergic Conjunctivitis in Dogs and Cats
Conjunctivitis is inflammation of the conjunctiva in the eye. The conjunctiva is a pinkish mucous-secreting membrane, similar to the lining of your mouth and nose, that covers the eyeball and lines th
Hydrometra, Mucometra, and Pyometra in Dogs and Cats
Uterine disease in dogs and cats is often influenced by the hormone progesterone, which prepares a female for pregnancy and also helps the mother maintain a pregnancy. However, sometimes things don’t
Bacterial Conjunctivitis in Cats
Conjunctivitis is inflammation of the conjunctiva, a tissue that makes up part of the eye and eyelid. In people, the conjunctiva is the white part. Conjunctivitis is common in cats and can be a result
Alternative Diets for Dogs and Cats
You’ve spoken with your veterinarian and are thinking about personally making your pet’s meals. There are about as many diet options for your pet as there are for you, so which one is best? Breed, age
What First Time Cat Owners Should Know
Perhaps you have never lived with an adult cat before and have decided to bring one into your home for the first time for one of many possible reasons: you adopted an adult because you prefer knowing
Training Your Cat to Use the Carrier
Since indoor cats rarely leave the house, they often become stressed or anxious when they are taken to the veterinary hospital once a year. Cats learn by association, so the sudden appearance of the c
Yeast Dough Dangers in Pets
If you bake yeast bread from scratch, it is essential that you keep all raw bread dough away from your pets. Ingesting it can cause serious problems and be life threatening for your pet. Doughs that d
Histoplasmosis in Dogs and Cats
Histoplasmosis is a fungal infection of animals and people, caused by Histoplasma capsulatum. The fungus lives in the environment, growing best in warm, moist organic matter that is rich in nitrogen.
Hepatic Encephalopathy in Dogs and Cats
Hepatic encephalopathy is a neurological condition that can occur in pets, more commonly in dogs, that already have liver disease. Neurological conditions affect the nervous system, which includes the
Hemangioma in Dogs and Cats
Hemangiomas are a type of tumor of the blood vessels or the skin. They are benign, but the related hemangiosarcomas are a malignant cancer that also target the blood vessels. They come from the same t
Hepatic Lipidosis in Cats
Hepatic lipidosis is a life-threatening liver disease that happens in cats and sometimes dogs. It is also called fatty liver disease or fatty liver syndrome, and it is the most common liver disease se
Behavior Supplements in Dogs and Cats
Many colleagues and pet owners ask about the use of supplements in the treatment of behavioral issues. There is limited documented evidence on the use of these supplements, but to address this demand
Weight Loss for Obese Cats
Obesity is a common disease in cats, affecting 43-65% of the patients seen in veterinary clinics across the United States. Just like in humans, excess fat is accumulated in cats due to an imbalance be
Using Medication to Lower Veterinary Visit Stress in Dogs and Cats
A pet’s mental health is as important as physical health, which is why it may not be possible for your pet’s veterinarian to complete an examination or treatments when you bring your pet in. If your p
Cats and High Places: Keeping Them off Counters and Tables
Last week, I had an inquiry from a recent shelter cat adopter. This new adopter wanted to know how she could keep her new cat, Chowder, off countertops and the table. It seems whenever they prepare fo
Vaccine Titers for Pets
Your pet receives vaccines on a set schedule to protect them from illness. Vaccines tell the body to make immune cells and antibodies, which work to prevent or reduce the severity of specific diseases
Traveling with Pets
Whether you are planning a move or traveling for leisure, taking your pet along with you can be stressful for both of you. General Travel Tips: Visit the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) websit
Wound Care for Pets
Injuries to our pets can come from unexpected sources just as often as those we worry about. When a wound occurs, healing has many paths that your veterinarian can take, but only one for you: get your
Renal Anemia, or Inadequate Red Blood Cells, in Dogs and Cats
Red blood cells are basically little microscopic bags of hemoglobin. Before getting into what hemoglobin is about, it is important to grasp the simplicity of the red blood cell. It has no nucleus and
Car Ride Anxiety in Dogs and Cats
Many people love to take their dog on errands and fun adventures in the car. Some even take their cats. Some dogs and cats become anxious in the car with others refusing to enter the car at all. What
Mushroom Poisoning in Dogs and Cats
While the mushrooms in the grocery store are safe to eat and help make delicious meals, other types of mushrooms such as the wild ones along hiking trails or even in our own backyards are a completely
Human Directed Aggression in Cats
If you have ever had your cat snuggle up to you on the couch then nip at your hand when you try to pet them, you are not alone. This is just one scenario in which some cats have shown aggression to th
Mealtime Enrichment for Cats
Cats retain many behaviors of their wild ancestors. As predators, they have strength, agility, speed, and keen senses to catch prey effectively. Owners can help their feline friends express these natu
Physaloptera (Stomach Worm) in Dogs and Cats
Worms are parasites that live inside your pet’s body and steal nutrients away from them. They do so by either directly eating your pet’s tissue or feeding from their blood vessels. Different worms can
Gallstones in Dogs and Cats
Background The liver makes bile to help digest food and break down fats. Connected to the liver is the gallbladder, which is a sac-like organ that stores the bile and releases it into the intestines t
Fear of Noises in Dogs and Cats
Animals may develop a fear response to any noise: fireworks, thunder, gunshots, cars backfiring, lawnmowers, hair dryers, smoke detectors, garbage trucks, etc. This fear response may result in mild to
De-Skunking Your Dog or Cat
Skunk Funk If your little punk Has been skunked Have no fear, Read here my dear A recipe you will need His funk to cede By Valerie Brons, BVetM Getting sprayed by a skunk happens to curious dogs who s
Lung Cancer in Dogs and Cats
Lung cancer (also called pulmonary neoplasia) is caused by tumors or masses made up of cancer cells within the lungs. Some tumors are benign, meaning that they do not invade and damage the surrounding
Feline House Soiling
Elimination disorders are one of the most frustrating behaviors that cat owners encounter and a leading reason for cats to be surrendered to shelters or euthanized. Although elimination is a normal co
Cutaneous Lymphoma in Cats
Lymphoma is common in cats, but is seen in so many ways and different places that it is confusing. It can be seen in almost any organ. When it affects the skin, it is called cutaneous lymphoma. Lympho
Diaphragmatic Hernias in Dogs and Cats
The diaphragm is a thin muscle that separates the organs in the chest (heart, lungs) from the organs in the abdomen. It is also involved in breathing: when the diaphragm contracts, it helps pull air i
Causes of Blindness in Dogs and Cats
Owners may notice their pet is disoriented, bumping into objects and struggling to find food and toys. These all may be signs of blindness. There are many potential causes of blindness in dogs and cat
Cognitive Dysfunction Syndrome in Dogs
What is Cognitive Dysfunction Syndrome? Cognitive dysfunction syndrome (CDS) is essentially the dog equivalent of Alzheimer’s disease. With CDS, a dog’s brain gradually degenerates, leading to abnorma
Rectal Prolapse in Dogs and Cats
Rectal prolapse occurs when the rectum, which is the last part of the intestines, gets turned inside out (everted) and sticks out of the anus. It looks like a red or pink tubular structure sticking ou
Seizure Disorders in Cats
Watching your cat have a seizure is difficult. It is often a confusing and scary time for both you and your cat. This difficulty is especially true if you don’t know your cat is having a seizure and e
Malassezia Otitis in Dogs and Cats
What is Malassezia otitis? Malassezia spp. are a common secondary cause of otitis or inflammation of the ear canal. It is a yeast that normally lives in the ears of cats and dogs but overgrows when th
Triaditis in Cats
Triaditis is a condition in cats that involves three separate diseases: pancreatitis , cholangitis/cholangiohepatitis , and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Veterinary scientists are not sure why thi
MRSA vs. MRSP in Dogs & Cats
MRSA MRSA is the abbreviation for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus . Staphylococcus aureus is a type of bacteria primarily found in people and may also be called S taph aureus , S. aureus ,
Cholangitis and Cholangiohepatitis in Cats
Diseases associated with the liver, gallbladder, and/or bile duct system can be confusing for pet owners because these diseases can have really vague symptoms. It’s not always clear why they happen, a
Aspergillosis in Cats
Aspergillosis is an infection in cats caused by Aspergillus organisms , which are a type of fungus found throughout the world. Infections in cats are rare and most commonly seen in cats that have a po
Multiple Myeloma in Dogs and Cats
Multiple myeloma is a cancer of plasma cells, which develop from a type of white blood cell called a B cell. Plasma cells produce antibodies, which are used by the body to fight infections. In patient
COVID-19 in a Tiger
This one’s bound to attract a lot of attention, and that can be both good and bad. A tiger at New York’s Bronx Zoo has tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 . The tiger was sick (cough, decreased appetite) a
Salivary Mucocele in Dogs and Cats
A salivary mucocele, also known as a salivary gland mucocele or sialocele , is a swollen area associated with saliva (spit) leaking from a salivary gland into surrounding tissues. It can be caused by
Toxic Disinfectants: What to Use and What Not to Use Around Your Pets
Many household cleaners are safe to use around your pets, especially if the product is allowed to dry or your pet is only exposed to small amounts. But some can be hazardous to a dog's or cat’s health
Haws Syndrome in Cats
Haws syndrome is an elevation of the third eyelid in both eyes. The third eyelid, or nictitating membrane, is a transparent eyelid some animals have that moistens and covers the eye for protection. In
What to Expect From Your Pet’s Echocardiogram
What is an echocardiogram? An echocardiogram, also known as an echo or cardiac ultrasound, is a diagnostic tool that looks closely at the heart as well as inside and around it. An echo uses high-frequ
Anaplasmosis in Dogs and Cats Is Tick-Borne
Anaplasmosis is a disease affecting dogs (and rarely cats) caused by Anaplasma phagocytophilum. This infectious organism is an unusual type of bacteria known as a rickettsial agent/bacterium. A tick b
Bladder Stones in Dogs and Cats
Bladder stones are solid mineral deposits that form inside the bladder of dogs and cats and are quite common. Stones start out as crystals that form in the urine. Crystals form when a combination of e
Feline Acne
Feline acne is a skin condition of cats that is seen mostly around the chin and lip margins. Hair follicles on the chin become clogged (also known as comedones ). Severely blocked follicles can develo
Cleft Palate or Lip in Puppies and Kittens
Congenital clefts in the palate or lip are birth defects that puppies and kittens can get in the tissues connecting parts of the mouth. Human babies also get them. These cleft defects happen when the
Tritrichomoniasis in Cats
Tritrichomoniasis is a major cause of diarrhea in cats and is caused by Tritrichomonas blagburni. The disease is seen most commonly in young cats and kittens. T. blagburni is a type of protozoa, which
Treating your Yard for Fleas and Ticks
If fleas and ticks have been a problem for you, there are three areas you have to treat to be successful in treating fleas. One is treating your pets with an effective product; two is your house with
Omega-3 Fatty Acids for Our Pets
Did you know that skin diseases account for as much as 25% of the cases seen by small animal veterinarians? Skin problems typically faced by pets and their owners include: Itching Dandruff Black
Getting your Cat into a Carrier You are being redirected to updated information on this topic
Cats give new meaning to the experience of going somewhere with pets. The vast majority dislike any change that is not initiated by them, so for most cats, the only time they get into the car is to go
Flash Glucose Monitoring with FreeStyle Libre in Cats and Dogs
The flash glucose monitoring system (also called continuous glucose monitoring or CGM) is a faster, easier, and less painful way for you to monitor your diabetic pet’s glucose levels at home. There ar
Uveitis in Dogs and Cats
Uveitis is an inflammation of the dark tissues (uvea) of the eye. The uvea includes the iris, the ciliary body behind the iris, and the choroid in the back of the eye behind the retina. Uveitis can be
Territorial Marking in Cats
What is Territorial Marking? Territorial marking, also known as urine marking or spraying in cats, is the act of purposefully urinating in an area as a way of communicating. This behavior is normal in
Diets and Heart Disease in Dogs and Cats
Can pet diets cause heart problems? Yes. Thirty years ago, veterinarians recognized deficiency of an amino acid (taurine) as the most common cause of dilated cardiomyopathy in cats. Cats are unable to
Puppies and Kittens Who Bite
Bringing home a new puppy or kitten can be a fun and exciting experience. However, the learning and development process for puppies and kittens can be challenging. Biting is a common issue for young p
Lymphoma in the Skin of Dogs
(also known as cutaneous T cell lymphoma and cutaneous epitheliotropic lymphoma) Lymphoma can arise in any organ that contains lymph tissue (which turns out to be just about anywhere in the body). Whi
Importance of Socializing Puppies and Kittens
What is Socialization? The word socialization is a bit misleading when taken literally. Socialization sounds like teaching a puppy or kitten how to socialize with other puppies or kittens. While these
Antibiotic Use in Pets
Antibiotics are used to treat bacterial infections. They kill invading bacteria without killing the surrounding cells. Antibiotics are made both from living organisms such as fungi, molds, and certain
Arthritis in Dogs and Cats: What Can be Done?
Arthritis, also known as osteoarthritis or degenerative joint disease (DJD), is a degenerative, progressive, and irreversible condition of the joints. It is characterized by the progressive loss of jo
Introducing the New Baby to Your Cat
Bringing home a new baby often requires a good bit of preparation within the household. One aspect of this is figuring out how to introduce your cat to your new baby and transitioning him to all the n
AAFCO Pet Food Labeling
Pet food marketing can get confusing. The labeling does not provide detailed nutritional information and it’s easily misunderstood by consumers. Try as you might, sometimes reading the label doesn’t g
Nutrition for Your Cat
Unlike dogs and people, which are omnivores and gain nutrition from both plants and meat, cats are obligate carnivores. This means that they get most of their nutrients from animal products. One scien
Rat Poison (Bromethalin-Based) in Dogs and Cats
The War Against Rodents Rodent control has been paramount in human civilization for centuries if not millennia. Wild rodents consume our crops, destroy our fabric and paper products, bring disease, an
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy in Cats
What is Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HCM)? HCM is a disease of the heart muscle that results, in most cases, in an abnormal thickening of the muscle walls (Figure 1). This results in altered contracti
Spondylosis Deformans in Dogs and Cats
Spondylosis deformans is a noninflammatory, degenerative condition of the spinal column characterized by the production of bone spurs along the bottom, sides, and upper aspects of the vertebrae. These
Safe and Toxic Garden Plant Images
The flowers and plants listed here are typically the most common ones used in gardening. See more at the ASPCA 's Animal Poison Control Center. Jump to section: Poisonous plants that can potentially
Portal Vein Hypoplasia in Dogs and Cats
Veins are part of the body’s circulatory system. The hepatic portal system consists of the numerous veins that drain blood away from digestive organs and deliver it to the liver. Small veins merge int
Patent Ductus Arteriosus in Dogs and Cats
Patent ductus arteriosus, often called PDA, is one of the most common congenital heart defects in dogs. In adult mammals, the heart is one organ but has two separate sides that are not supposed to con
Congestive Heart Failure in Dogs and Cats
What is Congestive Heart Failure? Congestive heart failure (CHF) is the clinical syndrome of fluid retention due to severe heart disease. In dogs and cats, the fluid is retained in specific parts of t
Infiltrative Bowel Disease in Cats
See article summary below. What Does This Mean? The small intestinal tract is a remarkable organ. It has to neutralize acid from the stomach, apply digestive enzymes and emollients, absorb and conduct
Microchipping Could Save your Pet's Life
A microchip ID is a small transmitter about the size of a grain of rice. When a scanner passes over it, a signal is emitted indicating the unique identification number of the chip. This tiny but sturd
Fleas: Know your Enemy
Although there are over 2000 flea species in the world, pet owners should be concerned with only one: Ctenocephalides felis , the cat flea. This is the flea that we find on our pets (cats, dogs, rabbi
Topical Therapy for Skin Conditions in Dogs and Cats
Applying shampoos, rinses, ointments or wipes to your pet’s skin can be important when managing your pet’s skin condition. Topical therapies can wash pollens off the coat, moisturize the skin, exfolia
Tick Paralysis in Pets
What is Tick Paralysis? Tick paralysis (also known as tick bite paralysis, or tick toxicosis) is caused by neurotoxins secreted in saliva by certain species of female ticks. Neurotoxins are chemicals
Common Lymphoma Chemotherapy Medications for Cats and Dogs
Additional Resources Lymphoma Lymphoma in Cats Lymphoma in Dogs Lymphoma Treatment Includes Nutritional Therapy for Dogs and Cats The word chemotherapy conjures up images of unpleasant toxic
Ringworm Environmental Decontamination: How to Clean Your Home When Your Pet Has Ringworm
Ringworm Environmental Decontamination: How to Clean Your Home When Your Pet Has Ringworm Dermatophytosis, commonly called ringworm , is a fungal infection of the fur and skin of dogs and cats. When y
Dust Mites: Minimizing Exposure in Dogs and Cats
House dust mites ( Dermatophagoides farinae, Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus ) are bugs that are in every home, and some pets are allergic to them. Because these mites are very small, they cannot be se
Sleeping and Resting Respiratory Rates of Dogs and Cats with Heart Disease
Many heart diseases, when severe enough, result in congestive heart failure (CHF). When the left side of the heart is diseased, this presents as a build-up of fluid in the lungs, causing breathing dif
Diskospondylitis (Intervertebral Disk Infection) in Dogs and Cats
Diskospondylitis is a bacterial or fungal infection of the disks between the vertebrae (intervertebral disks). This infection can occur in any area of the spinal column, and it can occur at multiple s
Cancer is a Cellular Delinquent
Like people, our pets’ bodies develop cancer cells throughout their lifetime. In the lucky ones, these cells remain dormant and no malignancy ever grows; in others, the cells go mad systematically. Th
Reproductive Cycle of Cats May Surprise You
(Editor's note: Not all veterinarians agree that spaying cats at this age decreases the cat population. Talk to your veterinarian about your pet.) There is a thoughtful new movement designed to get to
Blocked Cats are an Emergency
When something happens to stem the flow of a cat's urine, trouble ensues - and fast. Urine has lots of good things in it. In many cases, they are substances that cats or people can’t live without, suc
Giving Oral Medications to Dogs and Cats
To heal, ill pets who are prescribed medication by their veterinarians really need to take those medications, even when the pet is resistant to taking pills - especially cats. Compliance with your vet
Halloween is a Scary Night for Pets
Halloween may be a barrel of laughs for people who love to dress up in costumes and party, but most pets aren't quite as fond of the holiday as people are. The doorbell rings far too often and is usua
Adverse Reactions to Spot-on Flea and Tick Products
Spot-on flea and tick products for dogs and cats have greatly improved the safety and convenience of controlling external parasites on our pets. Using pesticides that are many degrees less toxic and f
Rhinitis in Dogs and Cats
Rhinitis is inflammation of the mucous membranes in the nose. If the lining of the sinuses is inflamed, that is called sinusitis. If both the nose and sinuses are affected, it is rhino-sinusitis. Rhin
Anaplasmosis
Anaplasmosis is a tick-borne disease, and two forms of anaplasmosis are known: granulocytic anaplasmosis and infectious cyclic thrombocytopenia. Granulocytic anaplasmosis is more common, and a dog can
Hairballs (Trichobezoars) In Cats
"He's throwing up hairballs all the time. I'm tired of stepping on slimy hair." To the client, the problem may be simple. But to the veterinarian, it's much more complicated. When cats groom themselve
Electronic Cigarettes are Toxic to Pets
Electronic cigarettes, often called e-cigs, are marketed as an alternative to cigarette smoking. They are also referred to as personal vaporizers or electronic nicotine delivery systems. These devices
Clostridium difficile Becoming more Common in North America
What Is Clostridium difficile? Clostridium difficile is a species of bacteria that can be found in the intestinal tract of humans and many animal species, including pets, farm animals, and wildlife.
People Foods to Avoid Feeding Your Pets
Chocolate, Macadamia nuts, avocados…these foods may sound delicious to you, but they’re actually quite dangerous for our animal companions. Our nutrition experts have put together a handy list of the
Glaucoma in Dogs and Cats
Glaucoma is an eye disease where by the pressure within the eye becomes elevated. It can cause significant pain and lead to blindness. Dogs and cats with primary glaucoma are believed to have an anato
Linear Foreign Bodies in Dogs and Cats
Pets have the unfortunate tendency to eat things they shouldn't, and we aren't talking about food. Toys, socks, rocks and other materials find their way into pet stomachs but when the foreign body is
Wound Healing in Dogs and Cats
One thing is certain about life: we can all expect to experience some wounds. The good news is that we are fundamentally designed to heal. While the statement above has philosophical implications, we
Ovarian Remnant Syndrome in Dogs and Cats
Whether the patient is a dog or a cat, ovarian remnant syndrome is suspected when a spayed female pet appears to be coming into heat, something that should be impossible after spaying. A spayed female
Neuropathic Pain in Dogs and Cats
Neuropathic pain is an abnormal painful response. It is caused by injury to or disease of the nerves, spinal cord or parts of the brain that are involved in receiving, conducting and interpreting pain
Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA) in Dogs
Progressive retinal atrophy, or PRA, describes a group of inherited degenerative disorders of the retina that occur commonly in dogs and rarely in cats. The retina is like the film in a camera. It con
Pet Treats...What to Look Out For
Pet treats are widely used, and for good reason. Treats can be useful training tools, and pets typically like treats (and owners like to make their pets happy). But even something as simple as feeding
Feline Aortic Thromboembolism (FATE or Saddle Thrombus)
(Also called saddle thrombus) One tends to feel apprehensive about a condition with the acronym FATE, and rightly so. FATE (feline aortic thromboembolism) is a dramatic and painful condition with seri
Dietary Therapy for Hyperthyroidism in Cats
Additional Resources Hyperthyroidism Treatment Options in Cats and Dogs Hyperthyroidism Medication for Cats Signs, Symptoms, and Diagnosis of Hyperthyroidism in Cats Surgical Treatment for Fel
Ibuprofen Toxicity in Dogs and Cats
DO NOT GIVE IBUPROFEN TO DOGS OR CATS. IT IS UNSAFE TO DO SO. Ibuprofen has been available as a human pain reliever in the United States since 1974. In 1984, tablets up to 200 mg became over-the-count
Expandable Foaming Glues like Gorilla Glue Cause Obstructions in Pets
If swallowed in liquid form, some polyurethane-based glue products can create a life-threatening stomach blockage because they expand and harden once in the stomach. Glues that contain diphenylmethane
Lipomas in Dogs and Cats
Finding a lump under a beloved pet's skin is a disturbing event and definitely warrants a trip to the veterinarian's office for an evaluation. Generally speaking, tumors are classified as benign which
Bladder Stones (Struvite) in Cats
What is Struvite? Struvite is a urinary mineral composed of ammonium, phosphate, and magnesium. These three substances are common in urine and if they exist in high enough concentrations, they will bi
Breast Cancer Happens in Companion Animals
Print an 8.5"x11" pdf of this poster. Everyone reading this is a mammal (unless you are a particularly sentient anemone, coelacanth or axolotl), and one of the things that pegs us as mammals and unite
Pulmonary Hypertension in Dogs and Cats
What is Pulmonary Hypertension? Pulmonary (lung) hypertension (PHT) is high blood pressure in the arteries and pulmonary veins leading in and out of your pet's lungs. If the high blood pressure become
PTSD Can Occur in Companion Animals after Disasters
Dogs and cats who survive disasters can suffer from post-traumatic stress disorder in the same way as their owners and for the same reasons: being placed in an environment that is unpredictable and th
Insulinoma in Dogs and Cats
The pancreas is a small, light pink glandular organ nestled under the stomach and alongside the duodenum (upper small intestine). The endocrine pancreas is the part of the pancreas that secretes hormo
Pythiosis (Oomycosis, Lagenidiosis, Swamp Cancer, Bursatti, Leeches) in Dogs, Cats and Horses
Pythiosis is caused by a fungal-like aquatic organism called Pythium insidiosum . This organism is not a true fungus, but behaves somewhat similarly. It exists in stagnant water, or on grasses that ha
Hot Spots (Pyotraumatic Dermatitis) in Dogs and Cats
What are Hot Spots? When the weather gets warm, we start seeing more dogs with hot spots. These wounds are weepy, wet, red, and sometimes bloody when they are fresh, and they are dry and scabby when t
Umbilical Hernias in Puppies and Kittens
An umbilical hernia is a condition in which abdominal contents (fat, intestines, etc.) protrude past the abdominal wall at the location where the umbilical cord was attached to the fetus. Congenital u
Obesity is Unhealthy in Dogs and Cats
Obesity has become an extremely important health problem in the Western world, not just for humans but for dogs and cats as well. Obesity in pets is associated with joint problems, diabetes mellitus ,
Diabetic Cat Diet
Additional Resources Diabetes Mellitus: Introduction Cataracts in Diabetic Dogs Diabetic Ketoacidosis in Dogs and Cats Diabetic Dog Diet Glargine (Lantus) and Detemir (Levemir) Insulin Ins
Diabetic Ketoacidosis in Dogs and Cats
Additional Resources Diabetes Mellitus: Introduction Cataracts in Diabetic Dogs Diabetic Cat Diet Diabetic Dog Diet Glargine (Lantus) and Detemir (Levemir) Insulin Insulin Administration i
Monitoring Glucose Regulation in Dogs and Cats
Monitoring is crucial to determining your pet’s proper insulin dose. Much monitoring can be done at home, and it is possible to save a great deal of money by doing so; however, some tests simply must
Canned Food Transition for Cats Addicted to Dry Food
(The information contained in this handout is an excerpt from Feeding Your Cat: Know the Basics of Feline Nutrition, which can be found at the author's website, catinfo.org .) Cats, like children, oft
Cerebellar Hypoplasia Cats Are Clumsy from Birth
Also known as Spastic Cat Syndrome and Wobbly Cat Syndrome The cat with cerebellar hypoplasia is abnormal from infancy, though it may not be clear that something is wrong until the kittens reach an ag
Lithotripsy in Dogs and Cats
Lithotripsy is a funny word for a minimally invasive alternative to urinary stone removal surgery. "Lith" means stone and "tripsis" means crushing so, in short, lithotripsy refers to breaking stones i
MRSA: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Dogs and Cats
Staphylococcus aureus, often called Staph aureus or S. aureus, is a bacterium that is normally carried in the nose of about 30% of the general human population. While dogs and cats do not commonly car
Ectopic Ureters in Dogs
If you are reading this information, the chances are that you have a puppy (probably female) with urinary incontinence and you have been told that she may have ectopic ureters. Most likely, your puppy
Liver Tumors and Cancers in Dogs and Cats
Confirming a liver tumor requires a medical diagnostic journey starting with a sick pet or perhaps an abnormal lab test. From these beginnings, the journey proceeds through further blood tests and, ul
Malignant Melanoma in Dogs and Cats
Most people have heard of malignant melanoma and know it is a serious skin cancer. The cells involved are the melanocytes, the skin cells that produce the pigment known as melanin. In humans, malignan
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC) in Dogs and Cats
Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) is an extreme complication of numerous already life-threatening conditions leading to the deregulation of the body’s natural mechanisms of blood clotting a
Pacemakers in Dogs and Cats
Just like people, some pets need a pacemaker to keep their hearts ticking. This article provides general information about why a pet might require a pacemaker, and how pacemakers are implanted. Why Wo
Flea and Tick Control Products for Dogs and Cats
This flea and tick control chart created by veterinary dermatology and toxicology specialists provides an easy comparison of the active ingredients, appropriate species and age, dosage and method of a
Tritrichomonas Infection Causes Diarrhea in Cats
(Try-tricko-monas) Kittens and cats living in groups have an assortment of infectious diseases to contend with upper respiratory infections , coronavirus, and coccidia , to name a few. Tritrichomonas
Pulmonic Stenosis in Dogs and Cats
Pulmonic stenosis, affectionately known as PS, is the third most common congenital heart disease in dogs. It can be accompanied by additional heart defects to create a constellation of disaster or it
Senior Cats' Health Issues
A cat's health changes with age. Physical and mental changes occur, just as they do with people. Most older cats sleep more than they did when young, and they usually sleep more deeply. They may not b
Lice in Dogs and Cats
Lice are an uncommon parasite in dogs and cats in the U.S. Lice infestations can occur in animals in any environment, but they're more common in animals that live in crowded conditions, in animals tha
Neonatal Isoerythrolysis in Kittens
Imagine this tragic scenario. A mother cat carries her litter normally and gives birth to a healthy litter of kittens. She cleans them, nurses them, cares for them but within a few days they have all
Breed-Related Dermatoses in Dogs and Cats
Breeds and Associated Skin Diseases of Cats and Dogs Cats Abyssinian Psychogenic alopecia and dermatitis Follicular dysplasia (hair shaft disorder of Abyssinians) Devon Rex Familial hypotrichosis Hima
Cryptorchidism (Retained Testicles) in Dogs and Cats
Cryptorchidism is a condition in which a male’s testicles have not descended (dropped) into the scrotum. At birth, a male puppy’s or kitten’s testicles are located near the inguinal ring. By 8 weeks o
Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Cats
Squamous cell carcinoma is not only the most common oral malignancy in cats, it has one of the poorest outcomes. In most cases, the goal is to minimize infection and pain until the tumor has advanced
Cytauxzoonosis in Cats
Cytauxzoon felis infection is highly seasonal and takes place in spring and early summer when the tick population is active. What is Cytauxzoon felis ? Cytauxzoon (pronounced “sight-oz-o-un”) organism
Hot Spots in Dogs and Cats
A hot spot is a superficial skin infection that results when the normal skin bacteria overrun the skin’s defenses as a result of damage to the skin surface. This is most often started by the dog chewi
Entropion in Dogs and Cats
Entropion is an uncomfortable or painful condition in which the eyelids roll inward, allowing the eyelashes (or other hair) to rub against the cornea and irritate it. The upper and/or lower eyelids ca
Myeloma-Related Disorders in Cats
What are Myeloma-related Disorders? Myeloma is a type of cancer that affects plasma cells. Plasma cells are specialized lymphocytes, i.e. they are part of the white blood cell group and are key compon
Malignant Thyroid Tumors in Dogs and Cats
Meet the Thyroid Glands The two thyroid glands are located in the throat, nestled just behind the larynx on either side of the windpipe. These glands are responsible for making and storing thyroid hor
Hyperlipidemia in Dogs and Cats
Hyperlipidemia is a general term for disorders in which too many fat molecules (called lipids) circulate in the blood. The two most important lipids in pets are cholesterol and triglycerides. Lipids a
Nasal Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Cats
Squamous cell carcinomas are tumors that are locally destructive and can spread aggressively in the area where they have arisen. That said, there are some circumstances where it is possible to either
Calcium Phosphorus Balance in Dogs and Cats
Additional Resources Kidney Failure in Dogs and Cats: Where to Begin Fluid Therapy in Pets Renal Failure Dietary Therapy Kidney Dialysis: Is it for your Pet? Kidney Transplants for Cats and
Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Dogs and Cats
When squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) occurs in the mouth and throat, it’s called oral squamous cell carcinoma. In these oral cases, the lesion is usually located on the gums or tonsils. Squamous cell ca
Itching and Allergy in Cats
Coping with an itchy cat can be an extremely frustrating experience for you, the pet owner, and can truly test the limits of the human-animal bond. Persistent scratching and chewing can also result in
Iris Coloboma in Dogs and Cats
The iris is the part of the eye that’s colored. In dogs, the iris is usually brown or blue. In cats, it can be brown, blue, green, and gold (yellow). The pupil, which is the black hole in the center o
Fur Mowing in Cats
What is fur-mowing? In short, the cat is licking off all his hair. Often the belly is nearly as bald as if it were shaved. Sometimes a Mohawk of normal fur makes a stripe down the back, surrounded by
Hemivertebrae are Congenitally Deformed Vertebra in Dogs and Cats
(Also called Butterfly Vertebrae) Backbones, more technically called vertebrae, make up the vertebral column and consist of small block-like bones joined by spongy discs. They support the skeleton and
Nasal Pharyngeal Polyps in Cats
Naso-pharyngeal polyps (nasopharyngeal polyps, otopharyngeal polyps, inflammatory polyps, middle ear polyps) are the most common masses that are seen in the external ear canal in cats. They are benign
Amputation is Preferable to Continued Pain
Dear Friend: I've decided to sit down and put pen to paper on behalf of your veterinarian and indeed, all veterinarians in small animal practice. If you've found your way to this article, it's very li
Portosystemic Shunt in Dogs and Cats
A portosystemic shunt (PSS, portasystemic shunt, portocaval shunt, portacaval shunt, liver shunt, hepatic shunt, or porto-systemic vascular anomaly) happens when a pet’s venous blood from the stomach,
Atrial Fibrillation in Dogs and Cats
What Makes a Normal Heart Beat? The heart is a large muscle with four chambers. There are two top chambers (left and right) called the atria and two bottom chambers (left and right) called the ventric
Pneumothorax in Dogs and Cats
Pneumothorax is a collection of air or gas in the space surrounding the lungs. The extra air doesn’t allow the lungs to inflate normally, so dogs and cats with pneumothorax can have difficulty breathi
Anorexia, or Lack of Appetite, in Dogs and Cats
Appetite loss and appetite reduction are important factors in illness assessment, and they must be recognized and reported as soon as possible. Acceptance of favorite foods often determines if a pet s
Dilated Cardiomyopathy in Dogs and Cats
Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is one of the more common acquired heart diseases in dogs. DCM is a primary disease of the heart muscle (cardio = heart; myo = muscle; pathy = disease) in which the myocar
Fractures in Dogs and Cats
If this article has caught your attention, it may be that your pet has had the misfortune of suffering a fractured bone. This is a traumatic experience for both you and your pet, and there are a few t
Heart Murmurs in Dogs and Cats
My Pet Has a Heart Murmur – What Does This Mean? A heart murmur is one of several types of abnormal sounds your veterinarian can hear when listening to your pet’s heart with a stethoscope. Normally, t
Urinary Tract (Bladder) Infection in Dogs and Cats
The urinary tract infection is one of the most common ailments in small animal practice, yet many pet owners are confused about the medical approach. Some common questions are: Are bladder infection
Flea Control for Allergic Dogs and Cats
For some pets, fleas are just an annoyance. However, for pets with allergies, fleas are a serious problem. In addition to causing severe itching, fleas can also cause other problems such as skin infec
Mammary Tumors in Cats
With approximately one woman in eight or nine falling victim to this form of cancer, there are awareness campaigns from numerous healthcare agencies, and research is ongoing. Every woman is encouraged
Immunotherapy for Allergies in Cats, Dogs, and Horses
Allergen Immunotherapy (AIT), or Allergen Specific Immunotherapy (ASIT) Allergen-specific immunotherapy (ASIT), commonly referred to as allergy shots, are the most effective way to address airborne al
Cardiomyopathy in Cats
Cardiomyopathy means heart ( cardio ) muscle ( myo ) disease ( pathy ). Cardiomyopathies in cats fall broadly into five categories: Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM; the most common heart disease in
Chylothorax is more Common in Cats than Dogs
First, the Basics Let us consider the chest cavity for a moment. The chest can also be called the thorax and the chest cavity is sometimes called the thoracic cavity. The thorax houses the lungs and h
Cuterebriasis is a Parasite Causing Skin Infections in Dogs and Cats
Cuterebriasis is caused by a fly called Cuterebra . The parasite infests small mammals that spend time outdoors, such as dogs, cats, rabbits, ferrets, squirrels, and rodents. Cuterebra are large non-f
Giardia in Pets
See the article summary below . What is Giardia? Giardia are single-celled organisms, infectious to many types of animals ( including humans ) all over the world. As you can see in the above image, Gi
Clinical Signs of Oral or Dental Disease in Pets
Bad breath (halitosis) Broken tooth/teeth Excessive drooling Reluctance to eat, especially dry food, or to play with chew toys Chewing with or favoring one side of the mouth Pawing at or r
Sunscreen for Pets
Sunscreen, or sunblock, can be used on cats and dogs. Pets with light skin and a short or thin hair coat are particularly prone to sunburn, skin cancer, and other solar-induced skin diseases (solar de
Vascular Accidents (Strokes) in the Brains of Dogs and Cats
Most of us have some idea of what happens when someone has a stroke: they are going along normally, and then suddenly, a group of nerves does not work. This might involve an inability to move certain
Hydrocephalus (Water on the Brain) in Dogs and Cats
In hydrocephalus, there is too much fluid, either because of a drainage problem or an over-production problem. The brain and spinal cord are bathed in cerebrospinal fluid, the fluid that is tapped and
Ticks Are Arthropod Parasites for Mammals
Ticks are skin parasites that feed on the blood of their hosts. Ticks like motion, warm temperatures from body heat, and the carbon dioxide exhaled by mammals, so they are attracted to such hosts as d
Retained Baby Teeth in Dogs and Cats Need Surgical Extraction
Puppies normally have 28 deciduous (baby) teeth that erupt during the first six months of life, and adults have 42 permanent teeth. Kittens have 26 baby teeth, and adult cats have 30. For the baby tee
Blastomycosis is a Systemic Fungal infection Affecting Dogs and Cats
Blastomycosis, caused by Blastomyces dermatitidis , is a systemic fungal infection that affects dogs and cats. Blastomycosis is most common in certain geographic areas in North America, most often the
Bacterial Diarrheas in Puppies & Kittens
Bacterial diarrheas are generally a nuisance for the adult animal but can be lethal to a small puppy, kitten, or even a human baby. Most of these problems stem from contaminated food or fecal contamin
Hip Dislocation in Dogs and Cats
To understand how hips dislocate and how they can be put back in place, some knowledge of anatomy is needed. The normal hip joint can be described as a ball and socket. The thigh bone is called the fe
Hypocalcemia (Low Blood Calcium) in Cats and Dogs
When the Results say Low Blood Calcium Calcium is a mineral we have all heard about as we have been told to drink milk for adequate calcium since we were children. Women are encouraged to take calcium
Pyelonephritis in Dogs and Cats
Also known as pyelitis or upper urinary tract infection, pyelonephritis is an inflammation of the kidney, specifically of the parenchyma and renal pelvis. Pyelonephritis is a common condition that fre
Pyothorax in Dogs and Cats
First, an Anatomy Lesson Pyothorax happens in an area of the chest called the pleural space. Thorax is another way of saying chest cavity. Chest cavities contain the heart and lungs, and other importa
Meningioma in Dogs and Cats
The Most Common Brain Tumor of Dogs and Cats The idea that someone we care about has a brain tumor is virtually unthinkable; yet, sometimes it must be considered. Meningioma is probably the most commo
Distemper (Panleukopenia) in Cats
Feline distemper, also known as feline panleukopenia, is a very contagious, life-threatening infectious disease of cats. It commonly swoops through a group of cats, especially kittens, leaving a trail
Cholangitis (Cholangiohepatitis) in Cats
What is Cholangitis and is it Different from Cholangiohepatitis? The word cholangiohepatitis breaks down into “ chol ” (bile), “ angio ” (vessel), hepat (liver), and “ itis ” (inflammation). Putting t
Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) in Dogs
The signs of inflammation in the colon (also called the large intestine) are the same regardless of the cause: mucousy diarrhea, straining to pass stool, cramping, and sometimes a surprising urgency t
Cryptosporidium is a Particularly Challenging Type of Coccidia for Pets
What are Coccidia and Why they are Bad Coccidia are a common parasite of young puppies and kittens. They reproduce inside intestinal cells, ultimately killing the cells within which they divide and pr
Taenia Species Tapeworms in Dogs and Cats
After gaining some pet-owning experience, the average pet owner has heard of tapeworms transmitted by fleas and knows to watch for sesame seed-like segments around their pet's nether regions or on the
Rat Poison's Effect on Dogs and Cats
The EPA has been at odds with Reckitt Benckiser (the makers of d-CON) since 1999 when they began seriously scrutinizing the risks of rat poison products to pets, children, and wildlife. At last, Recki
Pneumonia Management in Dogs and Cats
Most people have heard the term pneumonia and know it is a serious lung infection. In fact, "pneumonia" is not a very specific term and essentially means inflammation of any origin in the deep lung ti
Kidney Dialysis: Is It for Your Pet?
Additional Resources Kidney Failure in Dogs and Cats: Where to Begin Fluid Therapy in Pets Renal Failure Dietary Therapy Kidney Transplants for Cats and Dogs Kidney Failure (Chronic) Links
Bladder Stones (Oxalate) in Cats
Discovering Your Cat Has a Bladder Stone Presumably, you are reading this page because your cat has or had a calcium oxalate bladder stone or your cat has or had a bladder stone that is likely to be a
Feline Pregnancy and Kitten Birth
Too often, a litter of kittens comes as an almost total surprise. The cute little girl kitten from last fall is one day noticed to be a bit round in the middle only the very next spring. No one got ar
Hypercalcemia in Dogs and Cats
What Does High Blood Calcium Mean? Calcium is a mineral we have all heard about as many of us have been told to drink our milk for adequate calcium since we were children. Women are encouraged to supp
Plasma Cell Pododermatitis (Pillow Foot) in Cats
Plasma cell pododermatitis is a foot pad disease of cats that is fairly classical in its appearance, yet its significance is poorly understood. Plasma cell pododermatitis literally means foot inflamma
Total Ear Canal Ablation (TECA) and Ventral Bulla Osteotomy for End-Stage Ears in Dogs and Cats
Sometimes an ear infection is simply hopeless. Perhaps the organism growing is too resistant for treatment. Perhaps the ear canal has actually mineralized from chronic irritation. Perhaps the ear cana
Nicotine Poisoning in Pets
Everyone knows the Surgeon General’s warning about cigarette smoking but what about cigarette eating? Nicotine poisoning is a real concern anywhere that a pet may find cigarettes, cigarette butts, che
Infectious Anemia in Cats
(Also called feline hemotropic mycoplasmosis, infection by Hemobartonella felis , infection by Mycoplasma haemofelis , by Mycoplasma haemominutum, or by Mycoplasma turicensis ) Parasitic organisms sur
Whipworm Infection in Dogs and Cats
This worm is one of the "big four" intestinal parasites with which our canine friends must often contend: roundworms , tapeworms , hookworms , and whipworms. The whipworm that affects dogs ( Trichuris
Bloody Nose (Epistaxis) in Dogs and Cats
Some blood-tinged droplets sneezed on the floor might be the only sign, or there might be a steady, inexorable bloody drip from one or both nostrils. These findings are alarming as well as messy in th
Lead Poisoning in Dogs and Cats
The most common cause of lead poisoning in pets is ingestion of lead-based paint. Although lead-based paint is no longer available in the United States, it was used in buildings for many years. When t
Thrombocytopenia in Dogs and Cats
Platelets (thrombocytes) are produced in the bone marrow. Platelets circulate in the blood. When your pet gets cut, platelets stick to the edges of the cut and to one another, forming a plug. They the
Neonatal Isoerythrolysis in Cats
Neonatal isoerythrolysis, or NI, is a rare immune-mediated disease that is caused when newborn kittens with type A blood drink colostrum from a mother with type B blood. The antibodies contained in th
Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency in Dogs and Cats
What the Pancreas Normally Does The pancreas is a small, light pink glandular organ nestled under the stomach and alongside the upper small intestine. There are two types of pancreatic tissues to know
Steroid Use in Dogs and Cats
Most people are familiar with cortisone and may even know that it is a steroid but, even though steroids are commonly prescribed to both people and animals, much more knowledge than that is not really
Hard to Regulate Diabetic Cats
Additional Resources Diabetes Mellitus: Introduction Cataracts in Diabetic Dogs Diabetic Ketoacidosis in Dogs and Cats Diabetic Cat Diet Diabetic Dog Diet Glargine (Lantus) and Detemir (Le
Mast Cell Tumors in Dogs and Cats
What is a Mast Cell? A normal mast cell is part of our immunologic defense systems against invading organisms. Mast cells are meant to participate in the war against parasites (as opposed to the war a
Bartonella and Cat Scratch Fever
Most people know very little about this infection other than it involves a fever spread by cat scratches. In fact, it involves infection by bacteria of the genus Bartonella . There are 24 Bartonella s
Cats and Ferrets Had SARS in Laboratory Setting
While researching appropriate medicine for humans infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), scientists discovered that cats and ferrets can get SARS from humans, at least in a laboratory
Flea Control for Dogs and Cats
Fleas are the most common external parasites of companion animals. In addition to causing itching and other skin problems, fleas can transmit diseases to animals and people. The majority of the flea p
Pyoderma in Dogs
Pyoderma is a bacterial skin infection (bacterial dermatitis). Pyodermas in dogs are usually caused by Staphylococcus bacteria (Staphylococcal folliculitis or furunculosis). These bacteria usually wil
Otitis Externa Treatment in Dogs and Cats
Otitis externa is an inflammation or infection of the external ear canal . Bacteria, yeast, ear mites, and allergies can all cause otitis externa . Addressing this problem involves four steps: Clean
Pregnancy Termination in Dogs and Cats
Sometimes nature takes an unwanted course. Maybe you kept putting off scheduling your female pet’s spay surgery, and before you knew it, she was in heat. Perhaps there was an especially industrious ma
Workups for Itchy Dogs and Cats
Pruritus, or itching, in dogs and cats, can involve scratching and licking, chewing, or biting the skin. Pruritus is the most common symptom of skin disease in veterinary medicine. Many conditions can
Transitional Cell Carcinoma in Dogs and Cats
Transitional cell carcinoma (frequently abbreviated to TCC) is a particularly unpleasant malignant tumor of the urinary bladder. This tumor type is also sometimes called urothelial carcinoma. In dogs,
Myasthenia Gravis in Dogs and Cats
What You Need to Know to Understand this Disease Myasthenia gravis is a disease that interrupts the way nerves communicate with muscles. To understand this disease, you must have some understanding of
Hookworms in Cats and Dogs
Hookworms ( Ancylostoma caninum, Ancylostoma braziliense, Uncinaria stenocephala ) are one of the classical groups of internal parasites of puppies, the others being roundworms , tapeworms , and cocci
Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV)
Feline leukemia virus, a retrovirus, is a common infection of cats. It is the cause of more cat deaths, directly or indirectly, than any other organism and is widespread in the cat population. Disease
Hepatic Lipidosis (Fatty Liver Disease) in Cats
Owners of cats that have been diagnosed with fatty liver disease or for whom fatty liver is being considered can use some information. Briefly, lipidosis (the medical name for "fatty liver") is a caus
Hemangiosarcoma is Blood or Skin Cancer in Dogs and Cats
Hemangiosarcoma is a malignant tumor of blood vessel cells. With the exception of the skin form - which can often be eliminated by surgery - a diagnosis of hemangiosarcoma is bad news. When found inte
Lymphoma in Cats
Additional Resources Common Lymphoma Chemotherapy Medications for Cats and Dogs Lymphoma Lymphoma in Dogs Lymphoma Treatment Includes Nutritional Therapy for Dogs and Cats Lymphoma is curren
Normal Joints Look Like This in Dogs and Cats
Additional Resources Medications for Degenerative Arthritis in Dogs and Cats Physical Therapy for Arthritic Patients A pet doesn’t have to be a senior citizen to require joint care supplements,
Home Cooked or Raw Diets for Dogs and Cats
Many people would like to feed home-cooked or raw diets to their dogs and cats, however, well-balanced home-cooked or raw diets are often hard for owners to design and make. To complicate matters, the
Demodectic Mange in Cats
Demodex mites are normal residents of the skin in virtually all mammal species. They live inside hair follicles and cause no trouble for the most part. They do not spread from host to host in a contag
Immune-Mediated Thrombocytopenia (IMT)
(Immune Destruction of Blood Platelets, also called ITP or IMT ) What is a Platelet? A platelet is a cloud-shaped blood cell, neither related to the red blood cell line nor the white blood cell line.
Immune Mediated Hemolytic Anemia (IMHA) in Dogs and Cats
See the article summary below . (Formerly known as autoimmune hemolytic anemia or AIHA) Immune-mediated hemolytic anemia (IMHA) is a condition in which the body’s immune system attacks and removes its
Bad Breath in Dogs and Cats
What Is Halitosis? Halitosis, also called bad breath, is as an offensive odor emanating from the oral cavity. Bad breath is a common presenting pet odor complaint. Common causes may be related to the
Glomerulonephritis in Dogs and Cats
See article summary below Additional Resources Kidney Failure in Dogs and Cats: Where to Begin Fluid Therapy in Pets Renal Failure Dietary Therapy Kidney Dialysis: Is it for your Pet? Kidney
Kidney Transplants for Cats and Dogs
Additional Resources Kidney Failure in Dogs and Cats: Where to Begin Fluid Therapy in Pets Renal Failure Dietary Therapy Kidney Dialysis: Is it for your Pet? Kidney Failure (Chronic) Links
Dry Eye (Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca) in Dogs and Cats
(Dry eye is formally known as keratoconjunctivitis sicca or KCS) Why Tears Are Good Imagine the discomfort of dry, irritated eyes and the soothing that is provided by lubricating eye drops. Tears are
Herpes Viral Conjunctivitis: A Feline Problem
The conjunctival membranes of the eye are basically the pink part under the eyelids and the lining of the eyelids themselves. When they are irritated, they redden and can become itchy, dry, and uncomf
Plasma Cell Stomatitis in Cats
(Also called lymphoplasmacytic stomatitis, LPS, feline caudal stomatitis, chronic oral inflammatory disease, feline chronic gingivostomatitis, or caudal mucositis) A general physical examination invol
Tail Pull Injuries in Cats
(Also called sacrocaudal fractures in cats) First, an Anatomy Lesson Tails are wonderful, expressive body parts used by cats for communication purposes as well as for balance. The tail consists of a v
Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV)
What Is FIV? FIV stands for feline immunodeficiency virus, just as HIV stands for human immunodeficiency virus. In fact, these two viruses are closely related, and much of the general information that
High Blood Pressure in Our Pets
Additional Resources Kidney Failure in Dogs and Cats: Where to Begin Fluid Therapy in Pets Renal Failure Dietary Therapy Kidney Dialysis: Is it for your Pet? Kidney Transplants for Cats and
Safe Gardening for Dogs and Cats
Gardening is a relaxing pastime many enjoy, and many people allow pets in their gardens. The garden shops and catalogs are full of gorgeous garden shrubs and flowers. They tell us how to water and how
Cat's Teeth Examination for Cat Owners
It's easy to recognize if your cat has a broken leg, but how about a broken tooth? You would think pets would stop eating when they had oral problems. Unfortunately, this is not usually the case. By t
Dental Care in Cats
Feline dental care is perhaps the most overlooked and under-treated area in small animal medicine. Cats are affected by many of the same dental problems that affect dogs, including periodontal disease
Periodontal Disease in Dogs and Cats
What Is Periodontal Disease? Periodontal disease is inflammation of some or all of a tooth's support. Compared to gingivitis, periodontitis indicates bone loss. Periodontitis may cause loose, painful
Gingivostomatitis in Cats
What is it? Feline gingivostomatitis (FGS) is a severe, painful oral disease that affects some cats where the cat’s mouth becomes allergic to plaque on the teeth and tongue and gums. The allergic resp
Oral Masses/Ulcers in Dogs and Cats
What are oral masses? Some dogs and cats develop growths in their mouths. Similar to humans, these growths may be benign or malignant. Once a mass is noticed, analysis must be made to determine the ca
Stomatitis in Cats
Cats can be affected by inflammation of the entire mouth, called stomatitis or feline gingivostomatitis (FGS). An immune-related cause is suspected due to the large amount of plasma cells encountered
Tooth Resorption in Cats
A common feline oral malady is tooth resorption (TR). Greater than half of all cats older than three years old will have at least one tooth affected by resorption; it affects dogs less frequently. The
Dental Care in Dogs and Cats and What to Expect
Like people, dogs and cats require regular dental care to maintain their health. Without it, they can develop painful dental problems, lose teeth, or even suffer from infections that can spread to the
Orthodontics for Pets
Just as you would want to cure a painful skin condition or sore joint in your pet, consider relieving pain in your pet's mouth. When an oral problem is caused by poorly aligned teeth, orthodontic trea
Toothbrushing and Dental Prophylaxis in Cats and Dogs
Why Should I Brush My Dog's Or Cat's Teeth? Daily removal of plaque is the key to an oral hygiene program. Unless your pet's teeth are brushed daily, plaque, which is an accumulation of bacteria, will
Urinary Blockage in Cats
Additional Resources Lower Urinary Tract Disease in Cats Idiopathic Cystitis in Cats Inappropriate Elimination (House-Soiling) in Cats Urinary Blockage is an emergency! Recognizing The Emergen
Common Household Items Can Poison Pets
The ASPCA's Animal Poison Control lists these products as the most common ones that can poison pets. These are not the only ones, just the most common ones. Household Products Bleach Carpet fresheners
Winter Holiday Hazards for Pets
The holiday season is upon us, and many people plan to include their furry companions in the festivities. As you gear up for the holidays, it is important to try to keep your pet's eating and exercise
Home Testing of Blood Glucose for Diabetic Cats
Additional Resources Diabetes Mellitus: Introduction Cataracts in Diabetic Dogs Diabetic Ketoacidosis in Dogs and Cats Diabetic Cat Diet Diabetic Dog Diet Glargine (Lantus) and Detemir (Le
Medications for Degenerative Arthritis in Dogs and Cats
Additional Resources Normal Joints Look Like this in Dogs and Cats Pharmaceuticals and Nutraceuticals for Arthritis There are numerous treatments and products available to manage joint pain, and eac
Flea Anemia in Cats and Dogs
It is important to get the message out early: Fleas aren't just a nuisance. They drink blood, and blood loss can kill. In almost every case, the owner had no idea that flea infestation could be lethal
Cataracts in Dogs and Cats
The normal lens of the eye is a focusing device. It is completely clear and is suspended in position by tissue fibers (called zonules) just inside the pupil. The pupil opens and closes to control the
Abscesses in Cats from Bite Wounds
An abscess forms when an infected bite wound heals over on its surface, thus sealing the deeper infection inside. Fever is generated as the infection incubates. Diseased tissue and the inflammatory ce
Roundworms In Cats And Kittens
There are two species of roundworms that affect cats and kittens: Toxocara cati and Toxascaris leonina, with Toxocara cati (cats only), felt to be the more harmful species . Toxascaris leonina affects
Horner's Syndrome in Cats and Dogs
Horner's syndrome is a collection of signs that have significance when they go together. It is important to realize that having a syndrome is not the same as having a diagnosis. A syndrome, however, o
Poisonous Plants for Dogs and Cats
The ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center provides a list of plants that have been reported as having systemic effects on animals and/or intense effects on the gastrointestinal tract. Please note that th
Toxic and Non-toxic Plants
The ASPCA offers a database of toxic and non-toxic plants , with photos, to dogs, cats, and horses. You can see a list that affects only one of those three species, or view all of them. This list cont
Allergies: Atopic Dermatitis in Dogs and Cats
Atopy Atopy is defined as the genetic tendency to develop allergic diseases. These diseases are due to a heightened immune response to common environmental substances, known as allergens. In atopic de
Asthma in Cats
What is Asthma? Asthma is a recurring respiratory compromise featuring the constriction (narrowing) of the lung’s airways. There are three features that define asthma: • Airway inflammation • Airway h
Food Allergies in Dogs and Cats
Your Pet's Itchy Skin Itchy skin in dogs and cats is often more than just a minor annoyance. Red, oozing bald patches, rashes, and large expanses of hair loss are unfortunate markers of very real disc
Itch Relief for Dogs and Cats
The Itching Pet: Alternatives to Steroids Excessive licking, chewing, and scratching can make a pet’s life miserable for month after month, even year after year. No one likes to see their pet uncomfor
Vaccine Allergic Reactions in Dogs and Cats
With vaccination commonly recommended annually, most pet owners are accustomed to taking their pets to the vet for "yearly shots." It seems such a commonplace part of routine pet care that many people
Inappropriate Elimination (House Soiling) in Cats
Additional Resources Lower Urinary Tract Disease in Cats Idiopathic Cystitis in Cats Urinary Blockage in Cats Despite the cat’s reputation for fastidious cleanliness, house-soiling is the numb
Heartworm Infection in Cats
Do Cats Get Heartworm? The answer to this question is an unequivocal yes, but feline heartworm disease is a lung disease rather than a heart disease as it is in dogs. The parasite is the same but beca
Ear Infections (Otitis) in Dogs
Dogs seem to get ear infections with a surprising frequency, and some dogs have to deal with ear infections nearly constantly. When one considers that human ear infections seem few and far between, on
Ear Mites in Dogs and Cats
See the article summary below . Most people have heard of ear mites and know they are a common ear parasite of dogs and cats, but that is where most people's knowledge of ear disease ends. In fact, in
Vestibular Disease in Dogs and Cats
What on Earth Is the Vestibular Apparatus? In a nutshell, the vestibular apparatus is the neurological equipment responsible for perceiving your body's orientation relative to the earth (determining i
Cushing's Syndrome: Classifying the Type
Additional Resources Quality of Life Survey for Dog Owners With and Without Cushing's disease Symptoms of Cushing's Syndrome Cushing's Syndrome: Description Laboratory Tests Hinting at Cushing
Diabetes Mellitus: Introduction
Additional Resources Cataracts in Diabetic Dogs Diabetic Ketoacidosis in Dogs and Cats Diabetic Cat Diet Diabetic Dog Diet Flash Glucose Monitoring with FreeStyle Libre in Cats and Dogs Gl
Hyperthyroidism Medication for Cats (Methimazole)
Additional Resources Hyperthyroidism Treatment Options in Cats and Dogs Signs, Symptoms, and Diagnosis of Hyperthyroidism in Cats Surgical Treatment for Feline Hyperthyroidism Thyroid Dietary
Hyperthyroidism Treatment Options in Cats
Additional Resources Hyperthyroidism Medication for Cats Signs, Symptoms and Diagnosis of Hyperthyroidism in Cats Surgical Treatment for Feline Hyperthyroidism Thyroid Dietary Therapy for Cats
Insulin Administration in Cats
Additional Resources Diabetes Mellitus: Introduction Cataracts in Diabetic Dogs Diabetic Ketoacidosis in Dogs and Cats Diabetic Cat Diet Diabetic Dog Diet Glargine (Lantus) and Detemir (Le
Laboratory Tests Confirming Cushing's Syndrome
Additional Resources Quality of Life Survey for Dog Owners With and Without Cushing's disease Symptoms of Cushing's Syndrome Cushing's Syndrome: Description Laboratory Tests Hinting at Cushing
Laboratory Tests Hinting at Cushing's Syndrome
Additional Resources Quality of Life Survey for Dog Owners With and Without Cushing's disease Symptoms of Cushing's Syndrome Cushing's Syndrome: Description Laboratory Tests Confirming Cushing
Signs, Symptoms, and Diagnosis of Hyperthyroidism in Cats
See article summary below. Additional Resources Hyperthyroidism Treatment Options in Cats and Dogs Hyperthyroidism Medication for Cats Surgical Treatment for Feline Hyperthyroidism Thyroid Die
Surgical Treatment for Feline Hyperthyroidism
Additional Resources Hyperthyroidism Treatment Options in Cats and Dogs Hyperthyroidism Medication for Cats Signs, Symptoms and Diagnosis of Hyperthyroidism in Cats Thyroid Dietary Therapy for
Symptoms of Cushing's Syndrome
Additional Resources Quality of Life Survey for Dog Owners With and Without Cushing's disease Cushing's Syndrome: Description Laboratory Tests Hinting at Cushing's Syndrome Laboratory Tests Co
Thyroid Treatment Using Radiotherapy for Cats
Additional Resources Hyperthyroidism Treatment Options in Cats Hyperthyroidism Medication for Cats Signs, Symptoms, and Diagnosis of Hyperthyroidism in Cats Surgical Treatment for Feline Hyper
Corneal Ulcers and Erosions in Dogs and Cats
One of the classic eye problems veterinarians address is a red eye. The red eye may or may not be obviously painful, but when it is, the pet can be observed squinting or even rubbing at their face. Th
Eye Removal (Enucleation) in Pets
Answering Your Questions About Enucleation Why Might this Procedure be Necessary? In almost all cases, the eye is removed because it has reached a point where it has no chance of being capable of sigh
Coccidia Infects Intestines of Cats and Dogs
What on Earth are Coccidia? Coccidia are single-celled organisms that infect the intestine. They are microscopic parasites detectable on routine fecal tests in the same way that worms are, but coccidi
Colitis-Related Diarrhea in Dogs and Cats
See the article summary below. What is Colitis? In brief, colitis is the term for inflammation of the colon. The chief feature of colitis is frequently jelly-like, and/or liquid diarrhea featuring muc
Constipation and Megacolon in Dogs and Cats
See article summary below. Simple Constipation An occasional episode of constipation is not cause for alarm. When a pet is constipated, stools seem unusually hard, and there is unproductive straining.
Helicobacter Infection in Dogs and Cats
What is Helicobacter? Helicobacter is a genus of spiral bacteria that, amazingly, is able to survive the severe acidity of the stomach. The existence of such bacteria has been known of since 1889, but
Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Dogs and Cats
What is Inflammatory Bowel Disease? The membranes and layers of the normal GI tract are delicate and highly organized. There is a muscle layer responsible for the proper movement and mixing of digesti
Pancreatitis in Cats
See article summary below. Most people have heard of the pancreas but aren’t really sure what it is. The pancreas is a pale pink glandular organ nestled just under the stomach. It has two main functio
Rabies in Animals
Click here for a summary. Descriptions of rabies go back thousands of years, as rabies has classically been one of the most feared infections of all time. It is because of rabies that dog ownership vi
Tapeworms (Dipylidium caninum) in Dogs and Cats
The Common Tapeworm: Dipylidium caninum Biology and Lifecycle of the Parasite The adult Dipylidium caninum lives in the small intestine of a dog or cat. It does not float around freely or travel about
Upper Respiratory Infection in Cats
See article summary below . Signs Sneezing Nasal discharge Runny eyes Cough Oral or nasal ulcers Sniffles Fever Hoarse voice Or any combination thereof What Cats Are at Risk? The a
Injection Site Sarcoma (Cancer) in Cats
Also called vaccine-associated fibrosarcoma and vaxosarcoma. Back in the 1990s, researchers began to take note of locally aggressive tumors developing in the feline scruff of the neck, where vaccinati
Lymphoma
Additional Resources Common Lymphoma Chemotherapy Medications for Cats and Dogs Lymphoma in Cats Lymphoma in Dogs Lymphoma Treatment Includes Nutritional Therapy for Dogs and Cats Lymphoma,
Neutering Your Male Cat
Neutering a male cat is an excellent step to help your young cat grow into a loving, well-adapted family member. The main reason to neuter a male cat is to reduce the incidence of objectionable behavi
Orphan Puppy & Kitten Care
The Nest Box Keep the babies together as long as they are about the same age; this will help socialize them to their species and keep them warm. Try to assemble the following equipment: The babies'
Pilling a Cat
This is Sammie, our model for today. He has volunteered to take an amoxicillin tablet for our demonstration. The technician is assisting. These directions are for a right-handed person, so reverse the
Spaying your Female Cat
Spaying your cat is an important part of basic cat health care. Spaying at a young age prevents mammary cancer, and spaying at any age prevents unwanted kittens, noisy heat cycles, and possibly even u
Vaccine Information for Dogs, Cats, Puppies and Kittens
Why Do Baby Animals Need a Series of Shots and How Many do They Need? When a baby kitten or puppy is born, its immune system is not yet mature; the baby is wide open for infection. Fortunately, nature
Pyometra in Dogs and Cats
The word pyometra is derived from the Latin “pyo,” meaning pus, and “metra,” meaning uterus. A pyometra is an abscessed, pus-filled, infected uterus. Toxins and bacteria leak across the uterine walls
Eosinophilic Granuloma Complex in Cats
What is a Granuloma? A granuloma is a solid grouping of inflammatory cells growing together in a lump or solid structure. What is an Eosinophil? An eosinophil is a type of white blood cell that is act
Notoedric Mange in Cats (Feline Scabies)
Notoedric mange is the scabby, scaly skin disease resulting from feline mite Notoedres cati i nfection . Notoedres mites are closely related to sarcoptic mange mites of dogs, and thus, the two infecti
Ringworm in Dogs and Cats
What Kind of Infection is it? Many people are surprised to find that ringworm is not caused by a worm at all but by a fungus. The fungi involved are called dermatophytes, and the more scientifically c
Digging Deeper: Getting the Facts on the Dangers of Antifreeze and Your Pets
Chances are, you’re already aware of the fact that antifreeze can be a dangerous poison to humans and animals alike. But do you know why the substance is so toxic to pets? Would you know what to do if
Zinc Poisoning in Dogs and Cats
Red Blood Cell Destruction Most people have at least a passing familiarity with hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is the iron-containing protein that is responsible for the red color of blood. It binds the oxyge
Chronic Kidney Disease in Dogs and Cats: Where to Begin
Additional Resources Fluid Therapy in Pets Renal Failure Dietary Therapy Kidney Dialysis: Is it for your Pet? Kidney Transplants for Cats and Dogs Kidney Failure (Chronic) Links Calcium Ph
Idiopathic Cystitis in Cats
Additional Resources Lower Urinary Tract Disease in Cats Urinary Blockage in Cats Inappropriate Elimination (House-Soiling) in Cats (Also known as Pandora Syndrome and formerly known as FUS) T
Lower Urinary Tract Disease in Cats (also known as FLUTD)
The diseased lower urinary tract yields the same symptoms regardless of the cause. Bloody urine Straining to urinate (can easily be mistaken for straining to defecate) Urinating in unusual place
Inappropriate Elimination
House-training problems - called inappropriate elimination - are the number one cause of behavior-related complaints from cat lovers, and with good reason. No one likes to deal with urine and feces in
Chemical Injuries: First Aid
Chemical injuries to tissue are caused by contact with harmful chemicals such as lye, acids, and strong cleaning supplies. Also called chemical burns, they can be similar to thermal (heat) burns and t
Eye Injuries: First Aid
You should seek veterinary attention immediately if you see any of the following: Your pet squinting or protecting an eye Any suspected trauma to the eye Abnormal appearance of the eyeball Exc
Abscess: First Aid
Animal teeth and claws easily puncture skin, introducing bacteria under the skin. If the skin heals quickly, the bacteria become trapped and create pockets of infection commonly referred to as abscess
Bandaging: First Aid
Home bandaging is not a substitute for proper veterinary care and improperly applied bandages can result in limb loss. We use bandages for several reasons: to protect wounds from the environment, prot
Bee Stings and Insect Bites: First Aid
Any insect or spider can cause problems if they bite or sting your pet. A bite or sting can cause swelling, redness, and itching. Some animals can have an allergic reaction to a sting or bite that may
Bleeding: First Aid
Pets often suffer blood loss as a result of trauma or poisoning. Some bleeding is visible, and is a result of a cut or laceration, while internal bleeding occurs inside the body (such as in the chest
Breathing Problems: First Aid
Difficulty breathing is also called dyspnea and is a medical emergency. Respiratory distress is recognized by increased effort to breathe; noisy or squeaky breathing; and cyanosis (a bluish tinge to t
Burns: First Aid
A burn is any injury of tissue caused by heat, flame, chemicals, or electricity. Burn classification determines the severity of the wound based on the depth of the tissue injury. First-degree burns (f
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR): First Aid
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is the treatment required to save an animal's (or human's) life when suffering cardiopulmonary arrest. The intent of CPR is to provide sufficient blood flow and oxy
Choking: First Aid
Click here for more information on choking in dogs. Choking is interference with breathing caused by foreign material in, or compression on, the trachea (windpipe). Thankfully, true choking is a very
Dehydration: First Aid
Dehydration is the excessive loss of water from the body (typically through vomiting and/or diarrhea) or inappropriate intake of water into the body (decreased thirst). The most common mistake with a
Diarrhea and Vomiting: First Aid
Diarrhea is the frequent evacuation of watery stools. Vomiting is the forceful expulsion of stomach contents through the mouth. What to Do Remove all food and water. Check for signs of dehydration
Difficult Birth: First Aid
Puppies are born 58 to 72 days after mating. Because canine spermatozoa live 4 to 11 days in the bitch’s reproductive tract, it is usually not possible to accurately determine the day of birth from th
Drowning or Near Drowning: First Aid
Suffocation by drowning is caused by the lungs filling with water or other fluid. Some pets can seemingly recover from a near-drowning incident, only to succumb to a collection of fluid in the lungs (
Electrical Burns: First Aid
In order to avoid injury to yourself, it is imperative that you do not touch the pet until the electrical source has been turned off or moved. Electricity can flow through your pet and affect you as w
Fainting and Dizziness (Syncope): First Aid
Fainting is the sudden loss of consciousness or a sudden and marked weakness. It may be associated with numerous medical conditions and can be caused by anything from low blood sugar and neurological
Fever: First Aid
Do not give aspirin, ibuprofen, acetaminophen (Tylenol®), or other drugs as many of these are poisonous to pets. Fever is an elevated body temperature that occurs as a response to infection or inflamm
Fractures and Injuries: First Aid
A fracture refers to a break or crack in a bone. There are several different types of fractures, and each type has different complications and methods of repair. Your veterinarian can help you decide
Hyperthermia (Heat Stroke): First Aid
Hyperthermia may be a life-threatening condition and requires immediate treatment. Body temperature may be elevated because of an infection (fever), but it may also increase because of hot and/or humi
Hypothermia: First Aid
Hypothermia occurs when the body temperature goes below 98 ° F. The normal body temperature of dogs and cats is between 98 and 102.5 ° F . If the rectal temperature of a dog or cat is below 98 ° F, th
Impalement and Penetrating Injuries: First Aid
Impalement and penetrating injuries involve a foreign body stuck in an animal, usually in a body cavity like the abdomen or chest, or deep wounds where the skin is broken. Common examples in small ani
Introduction: First Aid
This first aid collection is an emergency preparedness ready-reference for dogs and cats. Wise preventive measures, intelligent use of first aid principles, coupled with recognition of abnormal sympto
Nosebleed: First Aid
A nosebleed (epistaxis) is bleeding or hemorrhage from the nose. It is important to stop a nose bleed, but is equally important to get to the bottom of why it’s happening. Stopping nose bleeds in pets
Paralysis: First Aid
Paralysis is the inability to voluntarily move a part or parts of the body. The paralyzed part (legs, neck, etc.) may be rigid or stiff or, more commonly, relaxed and flaccid. Severe pain can often ac
Physical Exam Checklist for Pets: First Aid
This information is intended as a general reference for the lay public and is not intended to replace the advice of a veterinarian. A veterinarian should be consulted before starting, stopping, or cha
Poisoning in Dogs and Cats
Poisoning is a condition that results from the ingestion, inhalation, absorption, injection, or application of a substance that causes structural damage or functional disturbance of body tissues. The
Preventing a Health and Safety Crisis: First Aid
Nutrition and Feeding Good nutrition is essential for a healthy pet. Nutrients in pet foods should provide what is needed for metabolic body processes and should help fight off disease. Proper feeding
Seizures and Convulsions: First Aid
A seizure is any sudden and uncontrolled movement of the animal's body caused by abnormal brain activity. Seizures may be very severe and affect all of the body, or quite mild, affecting only a portio
Shock: First Aid
Shock is a condition resulting from a depressed state of many vital body functions caused by a lack of effective circulation. A veterinary textbook on emergency medicine defines shock as "resulting fr
Snakebite: First Aid
What to Do Muzzle your pet to avoid being bitten – snakebites can be painful, and your pet may try to protect herself. Immobilize the part of the animal that has been bitten by the snake, if this
Straining to Eliminate: First Aid
Straining is a frequent and sometimes exaggerated effort to have a bowel movement or to urinate. It is often difficult to tell if the pet is having trouble urinating or defecating. Most owners think t
Sunburn: First Aid
Sunburn is damage to the tissues caused by exposure to the sun's rays and ultraviolet radiation. Animals are usually covered by hair, fur, or pigmented skin that protects them from the harmful rays of
Transporting an Injured Pet: First Aid
The first aid provider must not only identify and treat injury or illness, but must also safely transport the patient to the veterinary facility for further treatment. Improper technique when transpor
Wounds: First Aid
A wound is any break in the continuity of the tissues of the body, either external or internal. Injured pets can act in unusual and unpredictable ways. When dealing with an injured pet, remember to pr
Wrapping Up First Aid
A Final Note Many other types of emergencies can, and do, occur. If you have questions concerning symptoms your pet is exhibiting, seek advice from a veterinarian. Do not administer any prescription o